Note of Writing in the Science

写作：1.书籍《Science Research Writing》《Academic Phrasebank》《They say I say 2014版》

2.斯坦福网课 Writing in the Science   

3.网址：www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk  模板句式

4. https://www.aacc.org/publications/clinical-chemistry/clinical-chemistry%C2%A0guide-to-scientific-writing

 

1. Introducing work:

A.介绍相关背景，话题的重要性

B.简要的回顾相关的研究文献 ----->Known//Unknown

C.定义待解决的问题-------->Question/Aim

D.说明解决方案的关键技术和方法--------->Mothed/Approach/

E.阐述研究的重要性

F.定义关键术语

G.提供文章的结构概述

 

Principles of effective writing:

1. Cut unnecessary words and phrases; learn to part with your words  删繁就简
2. Use the active voice (subject + verb+ object)    主动语态
3. Write with verbs : use strong verbs, avoid turning verbs into nouns, and don’t bury the main verb  动词代替名词

 

Paragraph-level tips:

1. 1 paragraph= 1 idea   一段一个中心
2. give away the punch line early     开始提出中心句
3. paragraph flow is helped by:
   1. logical flow of ideas   
   2. parallel sentence structures
   3. if necessary, transition words
4. Your reader remembers the first sentence and the last sentence best, Make the last sentence memorable. Emphasis at the end!

 

logical flow of ideas:

1. Sequential in time    按照时间顺序
2. General to specific     由一般到特殊
3. logical arguments (if A then B, A; therefore B)   逻辑顺序

 

Steps in the writing progress:

1. Prewriting
   1. Collect, synthesize, and organize information
   2. Brainstorm take-home messages
   3. Work out ideas away from the computer
   4. Develop a road map/outline
2. Writing the first draft
   1. Putting your facts and ideas together in organized prose
3. Revision
   1. Read your work out loud
   2. Get rid of clutter
   3. Do a verb check
   4. Get feedback from others

 

Introduction:

1. What’s known
2. What’s unknown
   1. limitations and gaps in previous studies
3. Your burning question/hypothesis/aim
4. Your experimental approach
5. Why your experimental approach is new and different and important

 

Tips for Introduction:

1. Keep paragraphs short
2. Write for general audience
   1. clear concise non-technical
3. Take the reader step by step from what is known to what is unknown. End with your specific question.
   1. Known->Unknown->question/hypothesis
4. Emphasize how your study fills in the gaps (the unknown)
5. Explicitly state your research question/aim/hypothesis:
   1. we asked whether; our hypothesis was; we tested the hypothesis that; our aims were
6. Do not answer the research question (no results or implications)
7. summarize at a high level! leave detailed descriptions speculations, and criticisms of particular studies for the discussion.

Abstract:

1. Background
2. Question/aim/hypothesis
3. Experiments
   1. quick summary of key materials and methods
4. Results
   1. key results found
   2. minimal raw data (prefer summaries)
5. Conclusion: The answer to the question asked/take home message
6. Implication, speculation, or recommendation