本文转载至:http://blog.csdn.net/a19881029/article/details/18730671
参考网站:http://www.jb51.net/LINUXjishu/12713.html
sudo的工作过程如下:
1,当用户执行sudo时,系统会主动寻找/etc/sudoers文件,判断该用户是否有执行sudo的权限
2,确认用户具有可执行sudo的权限后,让用户输入用户自己的密码确认
3,若密码输入成功,则开始执行sudo后续的命令
4,root执行sudo时不需要输入密码(eudoers文件中有配置root ALL=(ALL) ALL这样一条规则)
5,若欲切换的身份与执行者的身份相同,也不需要输入密码
visudo使用vi打开/etc/sudoers文件,但是在保存退出时,visudo会检查内部语法,避免用户输入错误信息
visudo需要root权限
[hadoop@localhost ~]$ visudo
visudo:/etc/sudoers:权限不够
visudo:/etc/sudoers:权限不够
## Sudoers allows particular users to run various commands as
## the root user, without needing the root password.
## 该文件允许特定用户像root用户一样使用各种各样的命令,而不需要root用户的密码
##
## Examples are provided at the bottom of the file for collections
## of related commands, which can then be delegated out to particular
## users or groups.
## 在文件的底部提供了很多相关命令的示例以供选择,这些示例都可以被特定用户或
## 用户组所使用
##
## This file must be edited with the 'visudo' command.
## 该文件必须使用"visudo"命令编辑
## Host Aliases
## Groups of machines. You may prefer to use hostnames (perhaps using
## wildcards for entire domains) or IP addresses instead.
## 对于一组服务器,你可能会更喜欢使用主机名(可能是全域名的通配符)
## 、或IP地址,这时可以配置主机别名
# Host_Alias FILESERVERS = fs1, fs2
# Host_Alias MAILSERVERS = smtp, smtp2
## User Aliases
## These aren't often necessary, as you can use regular groups
## (ie, from files, LDAP, NIS, etc) in this file - just use %groupname
## rather than USERALIAS
## 这并不很常用,因为你可以通过使用组来代替一组用户的别名
# User_Alias ADMINS = jsmith, mikem
## Command Aliases
## These are groups of related commands...
## 指定一系列相互关联的命令(当然可以是一个)的别名,通过赋予该别名sudo权限,
## 可以通过sudo调用所有别名包含的命令,下面是一些示例
## Networking 网络操作相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias NETWORKING = /sbin/route, /sbin/ifconfig, /bin/ping, /sbin/dhclient
, /usr/bin/net, /sbin/iptables, /usr/bin/rfcomm, /usr/bin/wvdial, /sbin/iwconfig
, /sbin/mii-tool
## Installation and management of software 软件安装管理相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias SOFTWARE = /bin/rpm, /usr/bin/up2date, /usr/bin/yum
## Services 服务相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias SERVICES = /sbin/service, /sbin/chkconfig
## Updating the locate database 本地数据库升级命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias LOCATE = /usr/bin/updatedb
## Storage 磁盘操作相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias STORAGE = /sbin/fdisk, /sbin/sfdisk, /sbin/parted, /sbin/partprobe
, /bin/mount, /bin/umount
## Delegating permissions 代理权限相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias DELEGATING = /usr/sbin/visudo, /bin/chown, /bin/chmod, /bin/chgrp
## Processes 进程相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias PROCESSES = /bin/nice, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/kill, /usr/bin/killall
## Drivers 驱动命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias DRIVERS = /sbin/modprobe
# Defaults specification
#
# Disable "ssh hostname sudo <cmd>", because it will show the password in clear.
# You have to run "ssh -t hostname sudo <cmd>".
# 一些环境变量的相关配置,具体情况可见man soduers
Defaults requiretty
Defaults env_reset
Defaults env_keep = "COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUTRC KDEDIR LS_COLORS"
Defaults env_keep += "MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR USERNAME LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE"
Defaults env_keep += "LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_MEASUREMENT LC_MESSAGES"
Defaults env_keep += "LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE"
Defaults env_keep += "LC_TIME LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS _XKB_CHARSET XAUTHORITY"
Defaults secure_path = /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
## Next comes the main part: which users can run what software on
## which machines (the sudoers file can be shared between multiple
## systems).
## 下面是规则配置:什么用户在哪台服务器上可以执行哪些命令(sudoers文件可以在多个系统上共享)
## Syntax(语法):
##
## user MACHINE=COMMANDS 用户 登录的主机=(可以变换的身份) 可以执行的命令
##
## The COMMANDS section may have other options added to it.
## 命令部分可以附带一些其它的选项
##
## Allow root to run any commands anywhere
## 允许root用户执行任意路径下的任意命令
root ALL=(ALL) ALL
## Allows members of the 'sys' group to run networking, software,
## service management apps and more.
## 允许sys中户组中的用户使用NETWORKING等所有别名中配置的命令
# %sys ALL = NETWORKING, SOFTWARE, SERVICES, STORAGE, DELEGATING, PROCESSES, LOCATE
, DRIVERS
## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands
## 允许wheel用户组中的用户执行所有命令
%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL
## Same thing without a password
## 允许wheel用户组中的用户在不输入该用户的密码的情况下使用所有命令
# %wheel ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
## Allows members of the users group to mount and unmount the
## cdrom as root
## 允许users用户组中的用户像root用户一样使用mount、unmount、chrom命令
# %users ALL=/sbin/mount /mnt/cdrom, /sbin/umount /mnt/cdrom
## Allows members of the users group to shutdown this system
## 允许users用户组中的用户关闭localhost这台服务器
# %users localhost=/sbin/shutdown -h now
## Read drop-in files from /etc/sudoers.d (the # here does not mean a comment)
## 读取放置在/etc/sudoers.d/文件夹中的文件(此处的#不意味着这是一个声明)
#includedir /etc/sudoers.d
特别要注意的是别名一定要使用大写
查看当前用户的sudo权限;
在root用户下查看sudo的配置文件:
[root@dongyj~]# cat /etc/sudoers
用户oracle可以执行所有的root的权限