Thanks:http://mobiforge.com/developing/story/sms-messaging-android
SMS Messaging in Android
It would be safe to say that nearly every mobile phone sold in the past decade has SMS messaging capabilities. In fact, SMS messaging is one great killer application for the mobile phone and it has created a steady revenue stream for mobile operators. Understanding how to use SMS messaging in your application can provide you with many ideas to create the next killer application.
In this article, we take a look at how you can programmatically send and receive SMS messages in your Android applications. The good news for Android developers is that you don't need a real device to test out SMS messaging - the free Android emulator provides the capability to do so.
Sending SMS Messages
To get started, first launch Eclipse and create a new Android project. Name the project as shown in Figure 1.
Android uses a permission-based policy where all the permissions needed by an application need to be specified in the AndroidManifest.xml
file. By doing so, when the application is installed it will be clear to the user what specific access permissions are required by the application. For example, as sending SMS messages will potentially incur additional cost on the user's end, indicating the SMS permissions in the AndroidManifest.xml
file will let the user decide whether to allow the application to install or not.
In the AndroidManifest.xml
file, add the two permissions - SEND_SMS and RECEIVE_SMS:
<?xml version ="1.0" encoding ="utf-8" ?>
<manifest xmlns:android ="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package ="net.learn2develop.SMSMessaging"
android:versionCode ="1"
android:versionName ="1.0.0" >
<application android:icon ="@drawable/icon" android:label ="@string/app_name" >
<activity android:name =".SMS"
android:label ="@string/app_name" >
<intent-filter>
<action android:name ="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category android:name ="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>
</activity>
</application>
<uses-permission android:name ="android.permission.SEND_SMS" >
</uses-permission>
<uses-permission android:name ="android.permission.RECEIVE_SMS" >
</uses-permission>
</manifest>
In the main.xml
file located in the res/layout
folder, add the following code so that the user can enter a phone number as well as a message to send:
<?xml version ="1.0" encoding ="utf-8" ?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android ="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:orientation ="vertical"
android:layout_width ="fill_parent"
android:layout_height ="fill_parent"
>
<TextView
android:layout_width ="fill_parent"
android:layout_height ="wrap_content"
android:text ="Enter the phone number of recipient"
/>
<EditText
android:id ="@+id/txtPhoneNo"
android:layout_width ="fill_parent"
android:layout_height ="wrap_content"
/>
<TextView
android:layout_width ="fill_parent"
android:layout_height ="wrap_content"
android:text ="Message"
/>
<EditText
android:id ="@+id/txtMessage"
android:layout_width ="fill_parent"
android:layout_height ="150px"
android:gravity ="top"
/>
<Button
android:id ="@+id/btnSendSMS"
android:layout_width ="fill_parent"
android:layout_height ="wrap_content"
android:text ="Send SMS"
/>
</LinearLayout>
The above code creates the UI shown in Figure 2.
Next, in the SMS activity, we wire up the Button view so that when the user clicks on it, we will check to see that the phone number of the recipient and the message is entered before we send the message using the sendSMS()
function, which we will define shortly:
package
net.learn2develop
.SMSMessaging
;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.app.PendingIntent;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.telephony.gsm.SmsManager;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.Toast;
public
class
SMS extends
Activity
{
Button
btnSendSMS;
EditText txtPhoneNo;
EditText txtMessage;
/** Called when the activity is first created. */
@Override
public
void
onCreate(
Bundle savedInstanceState)
{
super
.onCreate
(
savedInstanceState)
;
setContentView(
R.layout
.main
)
;
btnSendSMS = (
Button
)
findViewById(
R.id
.btnSendSMS
)
;
txtPhoneNo = (
EditText)
findViewById(
R.id
.txtPhoneNo
)
;
txtMessage = (
EditText)
findViewById(
R.id
.txtMessage
)
;
btnSendSMS.setOnClickListener
(
new
View
.OnClickListener
(
)
{
public
void
onClick(
View
v)
{
String
phoneNo = txtPhoneNo.getText
(
)
.toString
(
)
;
String
message = txtMessage.getText
(
)
.toString
(
)
;
if
(
phoneNo.length
(
)
>
0
&&
message.length
(
)
>
0
)
sendSMS(
phoneNo, message)
;
else
Toast.makeText
(
getBaseContext(
)
,
"Please enter both phone number and message."
,
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT
)
.show
(
)
;
}
}
)
;
}
}
The sendSMS()
function is defined as follows:
public
class
SMS extends
Activity
{
//...
/** Called when the activity is first created. */
@Override
public
void
onCreate(
Bundle savedInstanceState)
{
//...
}
//---sends an SMS message to another device---
private
void
sendSMS(
String
phoneNumber, String
message)
{
PendingIntent pi = PendingIntent.getActivity
(
this
, 0
,
new
Intent(
this
, SMS.class
)
, 0
)
;
SmsManager sms = SmsManager.getDefault
(
)
;
sms.sendTextMessage
(
phoneNumber, null
, message, pi, null
)
;
}
}
To send an SMS message, you use the SmsManager
class. Unlike other classes, you do not directly instantiate this class; instead you will call the getDefault()
static method to obtain an SmsManager
object. The sendTextMessage()
method sends the SMS message with a PendingIntent
. The PendingIntent
object is used to identify a target to invoke at a later time. For example, after sending the message, you can use a PendingIntent
object to display another activity. In this case, the PendingIntent
object (pi) is simply pointing to the same activity (SMS.java
), so when the SMS is sent, nothing will happen.
If you need to monitor the status of the SMS message sending process, you can actually use two PendingIntent
objects together with two BroadcastReceiver
objects, like this:
//---sends an SMS message to another device---
private
void
sendSMS(
String
phoneNumber, String
message)
{
String
SENT = "SMS_SENT"
;
String
DELIVERED = "SMS_DELIVERED"
;
PendingIntent sentPI = PendingIntent.getBroadcast
(
this
, 0
,
new
Intent(
SENT)
, 0
)
;
PendingIntent deliveredPI = PendingIntent.getBroadcast
(
this
, 0
,
new
Intent(
DELIVERED)
, 0
)
;
//---when the SMS has been sent---
registerReceiver(
new
BroadcastReceiver(
)
{
@Override
public
void
onReceive(
Context
arg0, Intent arg1)
{
switch
(
getResultCode(
)
)
{
case
Activity.RESULT_OK
:
Toast.makeText
(
getBaseContext(
)
, "SMS sent"
,
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT
)
.show
(
)
;
break
;
case
SmsManager.RESULT_ERROR_GENERIC_FAILURE
:
Toast.makeText
(
getBaseContext(
)
, "Generic failure"
,
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT
)
.show
(
)
;
break
;
case
SmsManager.RESULT_ERROR_NO_SERVICE
:
Toast.makeText
(
getBaseContext(
)
, "No service"
,
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT
)
.show
(
)
;
break
;
case
SmsManager.RESULT_ERROR_NULL_PDU
:
Toast.makeText
(
getBaseContext(
)
, "Null PDU"
,
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT
)
.show
(
)
;
break
;
case
SmsManager.RESULT_ERROR_RADIO_OFF
:
Toast.makeText
(
getBaseContext(
)
, "Radio off"
,
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT
)
.show
(
)
;
break
;
}
}
}
, new
IntentFilter(
SENT)
)
;
//---when the SMS has been delivered---
registerReceiver(
new
BroadcastReceiver(
)
{
@Override
public
void
onReceive(
Context
arg0, Intent arg1)
{
switch
(
getResultCode(
)
)
{
case
Activity.RESULT_OK
:
Toast.makeText
(
getBaseContext(
)
, "SMS delivered"
,
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT
)
.show
(
)
;
break
;
case
Activity.RESULT_CANCELED
:
Toast.makeText
(
getBaseContext(
)
, "SMS not delivered"
,
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT
)
.show
(
)
;
break
;
}
}
}
, new
IntentFilter(
DELIVERED)
)
;
SmsManager sms = SmsManager.getDefault
(
)
;
sms.sendTextMessage
(
phoneNumber, null
, message, sentPI, deliveredPI)
;
}
The above code uses a PendingIntent
object (sentPI) to monitor the sending process. When an SMS message is sent, the first BroadcastReceiver
's onReceive
event will fire. This is where you check the status of the sending process. The second PendingIntent
object (deliveredPI) monitors the delivery process. The second BroadcastReceiver
's onReceive
event will fire when an SMS is successfully delivered.
You can now test the application by pressing F11 in Eclipse. To send an SMS message from one emulator instance to another, simply launch another instance of the Android emulator by going to the Tools folder of the SDK and running Emulator.exe
.
Figure 3 shows how you can send an SMS message from one emulator to another; simply use the target emulator's port number (shown in the top left corner of the window) as its phone number. When an SMS is sent successfully, it will display a "SMS sent" message. When it is successfully delivered, it will display a "SMS delivered" message. Note that for testing using the emulator, when an SMS is successfully delivered, the "SMS delivered" message does not appear; this only works for real devices.
Figure 4 shows the SMS message received on the recipient emulator. The message first appeared in the notification bar (top of the screen). Dragging down the notification bar reveals the message received. To view the entire message, click on the message.
If you do not want to go through all the trouble of sending the SMS message yourself, you can use an Intent
object to help you send an SMS message. The following code shows how you can invoke the built-in SMS application to help you send an SMS message:
Intent sendIntent = new
Intent(
Intent.ACTION_VIEW
)
;
sendIntent.putExtra
(
"sms_body"
, "Content of the SMS goes here..."
)
;
sendIntent.setType
(
"vnd.android-dir/mms-sms"
)
;
startActivity(
sendIntent)
;
Figure 5 shows the built-in SMS application invoked to send the SMS message.
Receiving SMS Messages
Besides programmatically sending SMS messages, you can also intercept incoming SMS messages using a BroadcastReceiver
object.
To see how to receive SMS messages from within your Android application, in the AndroidManifest.xml
file add the <receiver>
element so that incoming SMS messages can be intercepted by the SmsReceiver
class:
<?xml version ="1.0" encoding ="utf-8" ?>
<manifest xmlns:android ="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package ="net.learn2develop.SMSMessaging"
android:versionCode ="1"
android:versionName ="1.0.0" >
<application android:icon ="@drawable/icon" android:label ="@string/app_name" >
<activity android:name =".SMS"
android:label ="@string/app_name" >
<intent-filter>
<action android:name ="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category android:name ="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>
</activity>
<receiver android:name =".SmsReceiver" >
<intent-filter>
<action android:name =
"android.provider.Telephony.SMS_RECEIVED" />
</intent-filter>
</receiver>
</application>
<uses-permission android:name ="android.permission.SEND_SMS" >
</uses-permission>
<uses-permission android:name ="android.permission.RECEIVE_SMS" >
</uses-permission>
</manifest>
Add a new class file to your project and name it as SmsReceiver.java
(see Figure 6).
In the SmsReceiver
class, extend the BroadcastReceiver
class and override the onReceive()
method:
package
net.learn2develop
.SMSMessaging
;
import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
public
class
SmsReceiver extends
BroadcastReceiver
{
@Override
public
void
onReceive(
Context
context, Intent intent)
{
}
}
When SMS messages are received, the onCreate()
method will be invoked. The SMS message is contained and attached to the Intent
object (intent
- the second parameter in the onReceive()
method) via a Bundle
object. The messages are stored in an Object array in the PDU format. To extract each message, you use the static createFromPdu()
method from the SmsMessage
class. The SMS message is then displayed using the Toast
class:
package
net.learn2develop
.SMSMessaging
;
import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.telephony.gsm.SmsMessage;
import android.widget.Toast;
public
class
SmsReceiver extends
BroadcastReceiver
{
@Override
public
void
onReceive(
Context
context, Intent intent)
{
//---get the SMS message passed in---
Bundle bundle = intent.getExtras
(
)
;
SmsMessage[
]
msgs = null
;
String
str = ""
;
if
(
bundle !
= null
)
{
//---retrieve the SMS message received---
Object
[
]
pdus = (
Object
[
]
)
bundle.get
(
"pdus"
)
;
msgs = new
SmsMessage[
pdus.length
]
;
for
(
int
i=0
;
i<
msgs.length
;
i++)
{
msgs[
i]
= SmsMessage.createFromPdu
(
(
byte
[
]
)
pdus[
i]
)
;
str += "SMS from "
+ msgs[
i]
.getOriginatingAddress
(
)
;
str += " :"
;
str += msgs[
i]
.getMessageBody
(
)
.toString
(
)
;
str += "/n
"
;
}
//---display the new SMS message---
Toast.makeText
(
context, str, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT
)
.show
(
)
;
}
}
}
That's it! To test the application, press F11 in Eclipse. Deploy the application to each Android emulator. Figure 7 shows Eclipse showing the emulators currently running. All you need to do is to select each emulator and deploy the application onto each one.
Figure 8 shows that when you send an SMS message to another emulator instance (port number 5556), the message is received by the target emulator and displayed via the Toast
class.
Summary
In this article, you have seen how you can send and receive SMS messages programmatically from within your Android application. The capability to send and receive SMS messages is very useful as you can build very compelling applications. As an example, you can build a location tracker application where you can send a secret-coded SMS message to a device and when the device receives the secret SMS message it will reply with another SMS message containing its current geographical location using its built-in GPS receiver. How cool is that?!