java学习-变量初始化(member initialization)

java确保每个变量在使用之前都会被初始化，对于不同的变量java有不同的规则：

1. 方法的本地（局部）变量：如果某个方法内的本地变量，在被使用之前未被初始化，java会报出编译错误。如：

void f(){
int i;
i++;//Error, Variable might not have been initialized.
}

2. 类的field变量：不同于方法内的局部变量，java总是保证类的field被默认初始化，即使field在定义时并没有被赋予初始值。如：

public class Initial {
    private boolean bool;
    private char c;
    private byte b;
    private short s;
    private int i;
    private long l;
    private float f;
    private double d;
    private String str;
    private Initial initial;
    public void printFields(){
        System.out.println("boolean " + bool);
        System.out.println("char " + c);
        System.out.println("byte " + b);
        System.out.println("short " + s);
        System.out.println("int " + i);
        System.out.println("long " + l);
        System.out.println("float " + f);
        System.out.println("double " + d);
        System.out.println("String " + str);
        System.out.println("Object " + initial);
    }
    public static void main(String args[]) {
      new Initial().printFields();             
   }
}

Output:
boolean false
char 
byte 0
short 0
int 0
long 0
float 0.0
double 0.0
String null
Object null

char类型默认值为空，经过println之后作为""输出。

3. 类的field初始化顺序：静态变量(静态初始化块) > 变量(变量初始化块) > 构造器，同级的变量初始化顺序与定义顺序一致。如：

public class ClassA {
    public ClassA(int i){
        System.out.println("Class A : "+i);
    }
}
public class ClassB {
    public ClassB(){
        System.out.println("Class B");
    }
}
public class StaticInitial {
    private static ClassA a1 = new ClassA(1);
    public StaticInitial(){
        System.out.println("StaticInitial Constructor");
    }
    private static ClassB staticB = new ClassB();
    private ClassA a2 = new ClassA(2);
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
    new StaticInitial();            
}

Output:

Class A : 1
Class B
Class A : 2
StaticInitial Constructor

4. 有继承条件下的子类field初始化顺序：父类静态变量 > 子类静态变量 > 父类变量 >父类构造器 > 子类变量 > 子类构造器，同级的变量初始化顺序与定义顺序一致。如：

public class DerivedStaticInitial extends StaticInitial {
    private static ClassA classA = new ClassA(3);
    private ClassA class2 = new ClassA(4);
    public DerivedStaticInitial(){
        System.out.println("DerivedStaticInitial Constructor");
    }
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
      new DerivedStaticInitial();   
}
Output:

Class A : 1
Class B
Class A : 3
Class A : 2
StaticInitial Constructor
Class A : 4
DerivedStaticInitial Constructor