机器学习平台系列（八） - 模型在线预测服务之模型转换PMML

本文介绍如何将各类模型转换成 PMML 文件，模型在线预测服务需要支持如下几类模型：

• Spark MLlib 模型
• Sklearn 模型
• Python 版本 LightGBM
• Python 版本 XGBoost

1.Spark MLlib

1.1 原生方法

以 LogisticRegressionModel 为例，分析是否有原生方法生成 PMML。当前版本（spark-mllib_2.11:2.3.2）下存在两个版本：

• spark.mllib（支持）

extends org.apache.spark.mllib.regression.GeneralizedLinearModel with org.apache.spark.mllib.classification.ClassificationModel with scala.Serializable with org.apache.spark.mllib.util.Saveable with org.apache.spark.mllib.pmml.PMMLExportable 

PMMLExportable 中有相应的 toPMML 方法，如下图所示：

• spark.ml（不支持）

extends org.apache.spark.ml.classification.ProbabilisticClassificationModel[org.apache.spark.ml.linalg.Vector, org.apache.spark.ml.classification.LogisticRegressionModel] with org.apache.spark.ml.classification.LogisticRegressionParams with org.apache.spark.ml.util.MLWritable

1. MLWritable 中的 save 方法可以将模型保存到本地，但在 yarn-cluster 模型下运行时没有意义
2. 模型保存在 HDFS 生成的目录结构如下所示：
   2.1. xxx/data/
   2.2. xxx/metadata/_SUCCESS
   2.3. xxx/metadata/part-00000.lzo
3. 解压 metadata 目录下的 part-00000.lzo 文件后，内容如下所示：
   

后续分析如何将 spark.ml 下的模型生成 PMML文件。

1.2 命令方式（尚未测试）

• 使用可执行 jar 包

1.3 jpmml-sparkml（测试通过）

• jpmml-sparkml 中有相关工程可以将 Spark MLlib 模型转换为 PMML
• pom依赖版本对应要求：spark 2.3.x -> jpmml-sparkml 1.4.x
• 核心流程为先构建 pipeline，然后结合 PMMLBuilder 生成 PMML 文件

val pipeline = new Pipeline().setStages(Array(vectorAssembler, lr))
val pipelineModel = pipeline.fit(featuresAndLabelDF)
val pmml = new PMMLBuilder(featuresAndLabelDF.schema, pipelineModel).build()

val hadoopConf = new Configuration()
val fs = FileSystem.get(hadoopConf)
val path = new Path(outPutPMMLPath)
if (fs.exists(path)) {
  fs.delete(path, true)
}
val out = fs.create(path)

MetroJAXBUtil.marshal(pmml, out)

1.4 问题思考

• 如果上游输入为 Vector 类型，报错如下所示

User class threw exception: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Expected string, integral, double or boolean data type, got vector data type

• 解决方案如下

# 1.定义function，将Vector类型转换为Array类型：
import org.apache.spark.sql.functions._
import org.apache.spark.ml._
val vecToArray = udf( (x : linalg.Vector) => x.toArray)
val dfArr = df.withColumn("featuresArr", vecToArray(col(dp.trainFeatures)))
 
# 2.根据vector大小生成虚拟字段，并生成DataFrame
val elements = Array("col0","col1", "col2", "col3", "col4", "col5", "col6", "col7", "col8", "col9",
      "col10", "col11", "col12", "col13", "col14", "col15", "col16")
val sqlExpr = elements.zipWithIndex.map{ case (alias, idx) => col("featuresArr").getItem(idx).as(alias) }
val sqlExprWithLabel = sqlExpr.+:(col(labelCol))
val featuresAndLabelDF = dfArr.select(sqlExprWithLabel: _*)

1.5 PMML文件结构（针对LR）

• Header
• DataDictionary
  • DataField
• RegressionModel
  • MiningSchema
  • Output
  • RegressionTable

2.Sklearn

2.1 sklearn2pmml

• sklearn2pmml 可以用 API 方式将 Sklearn 模型转换为 PMML
• 安装命令：pip install sklearn2pmml
• 版本对应要求：sklearn2pmml 0.51.0 -> jdk 1.8
• 核心流程：先构建 pipeline；调用 sklearn2pmml API 生成PMML文件

import os
os.environ["PATH"] = '/opt/soft/jdk/jdk1.8.0_66/bin' + os.pathsep + os.environ["PATH"]
print(os.environ["PATH"])

from sklearn2pmml.pipeline import PMMLPipeline
from sklearn2pmml import sklearn2pmml

lr = LogisticRegression(penalty='l2', tol=0.000001, C=0.01, max_iter=10, random_state=9999)
pipeline = PMMLPipeline([("classifier", lr)]);
pipeline.fit(train_X, train_Y)

sklearn2pmml(pipeline, "demo.pmml", with_repr = True)

重点关注1：PATH环境变量中如果有1.7版本的JDK，请将JDK1.8的设置放在前边
重点关注2：需要将模型（lr）封装到 PMMLPipeline 中

2.2 jpmml-sklearn

• jpmml-sklearn 中有相关工程可以将 Sklearn 模型转换为 PMML
• 核心流程1：使用 Python 训练模型，保存为 pickle

Demo1：将模型封装到 PMMLPipeline 中然后保存

lr2 = LogisticRegression(penalty='l2', tol=0.000001, C=0.01, max_iter=10, random_state=9999)
pipeline = PMMLPipeline([("classifier", lr2)])
pipeline.fit(train_X, train_Y)
 
from sklearn.externals import joblib
joblib.dump(pipeline, "pipeline.pkl.z", compress = 9)

Demo2：将原生模型使用 joblib 进行保存

lr3 = LogisticRegression(penalty='l2', tol=0.000001, C=0.01, max_iter=10, random_state=9999)
lr3.fit(train_X, train_Y)

local_model_path = "lr3.pkl"
joblib.dump(lr3, local_model_path)

• 核心流程2：调用 Java 命令生成两个 PMML 文件（详见github），并对两种方式生成的 PMML 进行对比

前者：包含明确的特征名称

后者：特征名称转化为x1…

3.LightGBM（Python版本）

3.1 jpmml-lightgbm

• jpmml-lightgbm 可以用 Java 命令方式将 Python 版本的 LightGBM 模型转换为 PMML
• 核心流程1：调用 LightGBM 原生方法将模型保存为 txt 文件

from sklearn.datasets import load_boston
from lightgbm import LGBMRegressor

boston = load_boston()

lgbm = LGBMRegressor(objective = "regression")
lgbm.fit(boston.data, boston.target, feature_name = boston.feature_names.tolist())


lgbm.booster_.save_model("lightgbm.txt")

• 核心流程2：调用 Java 命令生成 PMML（详见 github）

4.XGBoost（Python版本）

4.1 sklearn2pmml

• 核心流程：先构建 pipeline；调用 sklearn2pmml API 生成PMML文件

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

from sklearn.datasets import load_boston
boston = load_boston()

data = pd.DataFrame(boston.data)
data.columns = boston.feature_names
data['PRICE'] = boston.target

X, y = data.iloc[:,:-1],data.iloc[:,-1]

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=123)

import os
import xgboost as xgb
os.environ["PATH"] = '/opt/soft/jdk/jdk1.8.0_66/bin' + os.pathsep + os.environ["PATH"]

print(os.environ["PATH"])

from sklearn2pmml.pipeline import PMMLPipeline
from sklearn2pmml import sklearn2pmml

# 使用xgboost模型
xg_reg = xgb.XGBRegressor(objective ='reg:linear', colsample_bytree = 0.3, learning_rate = 0.1,
                max_depth = 5, alpha = 10, n_estimators = 10)

pipeline = PMMLPipeline([("classifier", xg_reg)]);
pipeline.fit(X_train,y_train)

sklearn2pmml(pipeline, "xgboost_sklearn2pmml.pmml", with_repr = True)

4.2 jpmml-xgboost

• jpmml-lightgbm 可以用 Java 命令方式将 Python 版本的 XGBoost 模型转换为 PMML
• 核心流程1：自定义函数，生成所需的 fmap 文件

def ceate_feature_map(file_name,features):    
    outfile = open(file_name, 'w')    
    for i, feat in enumerate(features):      
        outfile.write('{0}\t{1}\tq\n'.format(i, feat))        
        #feature type, use i for indicator and q for quantity  
    outfile.close()


ceate_feature_map("xgboost.fmap", boston.feature_names)

• 核心流程2：将模型保存为模型文件

Demo1：

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import xgboost as xgb

from sklearn.datasets import load_boston
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

boston = load_boston()

data = pd.DataFrame(boston.data)
data.columns = boston.feature_names
data['PRICE'] = boston.target

X, y = data.iloc[:,:-1],data.iloc[:,-1]
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=123)

xg_reg = xgb.XGBRegressor(objective ='reg:linear', colsample_bytree = 0.3, learning_rate = 0.1,
                max_depth = 5, reg_alpha = 10, n_estimators = 10)
xg_reg.fit(X_train, y_train)
xg_reg.save_model("xgboost_1.model")

Demo2：

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import xgboost as xgb

from sklearn.datasets import load_boston
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

boston = load_boston()

data = pd.DataFrame(boston.data)
data.columns = boston.feature_names
data['PRICE'] = boston.target

X, y = data.iloc[:,:-1],data.iloc[:,-1]
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=123)

data_dmatrix = xgb.DMatrix(data=X_train, label=y_train)
params = {"objective":"reg:linear",'colsample_bytree': 0.3,'learning_rate': 0.1,
                'max_depth': 5, 'alpha': 10}

xg_reg = xgb.train(params=params, dtrain=data_dmatrix, num_boost_round=10)
xg_reg.save_model("xgboost_2.model")

注意：demo1 中使用的参数为 reg_alpha，demo2 中使用的是 alpha

• 核心流程3：调用 Java 命令生成 PMML（详见 github）