python context manager 上下文管理器

上下文管理器即 with 语句，这是 python 独有的语句。

with 常用于文件操作，with 语句执行结束后被打开的文件自动关闭，代码更简洁：

with open("myfile.txt", 'r') as file:
       pass

其中，open 是一个class。

也可以实现自定义的 上下文管理器，例如，如下数据库操作代码有很多重复，不管是创建，更新还是删除，每次都要连接数据库，关闭数据库，为了避免这种重复，可以将这些每次都要执行的代码写到一个上下文管理器，即一个类中。

def get_all_books():
    connection = sqlite3.connect('data.db')
    cursor = connection.cursor()
    cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM books")
    books = [{'name': row[0], 'author': row[1], 'read': row[2]} for row in cursor.fetchall()]
    connection.close()
    return books

def add_book(name, author):
    connection = sqlite3.connect('data.db')
    cursor = connection.cursor()
    cursor.execute(f'INSERT INTO books VALUES(?, ?, 0)', (name, author))
    connection.commit()
    connection.close()

上下文管理器的实现：

import sqlite3


class DatabaseConnection:
    def __init__(self, host):
        self.connection = None
        self.host = host

    def __enter__(self):
        self.connection = sqlite3.connect(self.host)
        return self.connection

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        if exc_type or exc_val or exc_tb:  # in case of any error, close the connection without commit
            self.connection.close()
        else:
            self.connection.commit()
            self.connection.close()

数据库的代码因此可以简化：

def add_book(name, author):
    with DatabaseConnection('data.db') as connection:
        cursor = connection.cursor()
        cursor.execute(f'INSERT INTO books VALUES(?, ?, 0)', (name, author))


def get_all_books():
    with DatabaseConnection('data.db') as connection:
        cursor = connection.cursor()
        cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM books")
        books = [{'name': row[0], 'author': row[1], 'read': row[2]} for row in cursor.fetchall()]
    return books