python 参数传递方式

Python 参数传递方式为赋值传递

python 函数参数既不是传值，也不是传引用，文档上定义的传递方式叫做 call by assignment (赋值传递)

如果将可变对象传递给方法，该方法会获得对同一个对象的引用，虽然可以通过此引用随意修改外部对象，但是如果在方法中重新绑定引用，外部作用域将一无所知。

以 List (mutable 类型) 为例：

def try_to_change_list_contents(the_list):
    print('got', the_list)
    the_list.append('four')
    print('changed to', the_list)

outer_list = ['one', 'two', 'three']
print('before, outer_list =', outer_list)
try_to_change_list_contents(outer_list)
print('after, outer_list =', outer_list)

传进函数的是 outer_list 的引用，可以在函数内部任意修改这个外部变量，输出：

before, outer_list = ['one', 'two', 'three']
got ['one', 'two', 'three']
changed to ['one', 'two', 'three', 'four']
after, outer_list = ['one', 'two', 'three', 'four']

但是，如果在函数内部改变变量所指的对象，外部对象不受影响，下面的例子，在函数内部，the_list 指向了新的对象，outer_list 不受影响：

def try_to_change_list_reference(the_list):
    print('got', the_list)
    the_list = ['and', 'we', 'can', 'not', 'lie']
    print('set to', the_list)

outer_list = ['we', 'like', 'proper', 'English']

print('before, outer_list =', outer_list)
try_to_change_list_reference(outer_list)
print('after, outer_list =', outer_list)

输出：

before, outer_list = ['we', 'like', 'proper', 'English']
got ['we', 'like', 'proper', 'English']
set to ['and', 'we', 'can', 'not', 'lie']
after, outer_list = ['we', 'like', 'proper', 'English']

如果将不可变对象传递给方法，仍然无法重新绑定外部引用，甚至无法改变对象。

以 string (immutable 类型) 为例：

def try_to_change_string_reference(the_string):
    print('got', the_string)
    the_string = 'In a kingdom by the sea'
    print('set to', the_string)

outer_string = 'It was many and many a year ago'

print('before, outer_string =', outer_string)
try_to_change_string_reference(outer_string)
print('after, outer_string =', outer_string)

输出：

before, outer_string = It was many and many a year ago
got It was many and many a year ago
set to In a kingdom by the sea
after, outer_string = It was many and many a year ago

Python 可变数据类型与不可变数据类型

以下数据类型可变 (mutable)

1. Lists
2. Dictionaries
3. Sets

以下数据类型不可变 (immutable)

1. Integers
2. Floating-Point numbers
3. Booleans
4. Strings
5. Tuples