C/C++中sizeof关键字总结

本文主要对C／C＋＋中的sizeof关键字进行总结

1. 基本数据类型
 cout << "--------------------------------------------------" << endl;
 cout << "C/C++中的基本数据类型长度：" << endl;
 cout << "sizeof(char) = " << sizeof(char) << endl;
 cout << "sizeof(unsigned char) = " << sizeof(unsigned char) << endl;
 cout << "sizeof(int) = " << sizeof(int) << endl;
 cout << "sizeof(unsigned int) = " << sizeof(unsigned int) << endl;
 cout << "sizeof(unsigned short) = " << sizeof(unsigned short) << endl;
 cout << "sizeof(long) = " << sizeof(long) << endl;
 cout << "sizeof(unsigned long) = " << sizeof(unsigned long) << endl;
 cout << "sizeof(float) = " << sizeof(float) << endl;
 cout << "sizeof(double) = " << sizeof(double) << endl;
 cout << "sizeof(long double) = " << sizeof(long double) << endl;
 
测试结果如下：
--------------------------------------------------
C/C++中的基本数据类型长度：
sizeof(char) = 1
sizeof(unsigned char) = 1
sizeof(int) = 4
sizeof(unsigned int) = 4
sizeof(unsigned short) = 2
sizeof(long) = 8
sizeof(unsigned long) = 8
sizeof(float) = 4
sizeof(double) = 8
sizeof(long double) = 16

2. 稍微复杂点的结构
int *p = NULL;
cout << "-------------------------------------------" << endl;
cout << "比较特殊的对象size测试：" << endl;
cout << "sizeof(p) = " << sizeof(p) << endl;
cout << "sizeof(*p) = " << sizeof(*p) << endl;

int a[100];
cout << "int a[100], sizeof(a) = " << sizeof(a) << endl;
cout << "int a[100], sizeof(a[100]) = " << sizeof(a[100]) << endl;
cout << "int a[100], sizeof(&a) = " << sizeof(&a) << endl;
cout << "int a[100], sizeof(&a[0] = " << sizeof(&a[0]) << endl;

测试结果：
-------------------------------------------
比较特殊的对象size测试：
sizeof(p) = 8
sizeof(*p) = 4
int a[100], sizeof(a) = 400     //真个数组的内存占用
int a[100], sizeof(a[100]) = 4  //a[100]是int类型的
int a[100], sizeof(&a) = 8      //地址
int a[100], sizeof(&a[0] = 8    //a[0]的地址

3. 结构体struct和枚举类型enum
//测试enum
enum Color{
   RED = 0x1,
   BLACK,
   BLUE,
   YELLOW = 0x10,
   WHITE
 } union_variable_name;

 //测试空结构体
 struct Empty
 {
 };

 struct S1 
 { 
   int age;
   char gender;
   double score;
 };

 struct S2 
 { 
   int age;
   double score;
   char gender;
 };

 void check_enum_info()
{
  cout << "--------------------------------------------------" << endl;
  cout << "enum和空结构体的长度" << endl;
  cout << "sizeof(enum) = " << sizeof(union_variable_name) << endl;
  cout << "sizeof(empty struct) = " << sizeof(Empty) << endl;
  cout << "sizeof(s1) = " << sizeof(S1) << endl;
  cout << "sizeof(s2) = " << sizeof(S2) << endl;
}
 
测试结果：
enum和空结构体的长度
sizeof(enum) = 4
sizeof(empty struct) = 1
sizeof(s1) = 16
sizeof(s2) = 24

从s1和s2的测试结果来看，对于struct而言，不同的布局方式，内存占用也不同。对其规则如下：
（1）字节对齐在编译时就已经确定好，运行时内存占用大小不会再改变。
（2）每个元素都是按自己的大小对齐，结构的整体大小必须是每个元素的整数倍，不足的补空字节。
（3）在VC＋＋中，可以加上＃pragma(n)，设置内存对齐。每个元素按照min(sizeof(元素),
 n)的方式来对齐。

4.柔性数组对sizeof的影响

//测试柔性数组对sizeof的挑战
struct Flexible_array
{
  int a;
  int b[];
};

 void flexible_array()
 {
   cout << "-------------------------------------------" << endl;
   cout << "测试柔性数组对sizeof计算的影响:" << endl;
   cout << "sizeof(Flexible_array) = " << sizeof(Flexible_array) << endl;
   Flexible_array *array = (Flexible_array *)malloc((2 *
   	 (sizeof(Flexible_array) + 100 * sizeof(int))));

   array[0].a = 1;
   array[0].b[0] = 11;
   array[0].b[1] = 12;
   cout << "array[0].a = " << array[0].a << endl;
   cout << "array[0].b[0] = " << array[0].b[0] << endl;
   cout << "array[0].b[1] = " << array[0].b[1] << endl;

   array[1].a = 2;
   array[1].b[0] = 21;
   array[1].b[1] = 22;
   cout << "array[1].a = " << array[1].a << endl;
   cout << "array[1].b[0] = " << array[1].b[0] << endl;
   cout << "array[1].b[1] = " << array[1].b[1] << endl;
 }

 int main()
 {
   flexible_array();

   return 0;
 } 
测试结果如下：
sizeof(Flexible_array) = 4
array[0].a = 1
array[0].b[0] = 11
array[0].b[1] = 12
array[1].a = 2
array[1].b[0] = 21
array[1].b[1] = 22

由此可见数组b对结构体的大小没有影响。