常量池
是.class文件的常量池,也可以理解为一张表,虚拟机指令根据这张常量表找到要执行的类名,方法名,参数类型,字面量等信息
运行时常量池
常量池是*.class文件中的,当该类被加载,它的常量池信息就会放入运行时常量池,并把里面的符号地址变为真实地址
常量池只有类文件在编译的时候才会产生,而且是存储在类文件中的。而运行时常量池是在方法区,而且可在JVM运行期间动态向运行时常量池中写入数据。
字符串常量池(string pool)
字符串常量池里的内容是在类加载完成,经过验证,准备阶段之后在堆中生成字符串对象实例,然后将该字符串对象实例的引用值存到string pool中(记住:string pool中存的是引用值而不是具体的实例对象,具体的实例对象是在堆中开辟的一块空间存放的)。string pool在每个HotSpot VM的实例只有一份,被所有的类共享。在jdk1.8后,将String常量池放到了堆中。
String table还存在一个hash表的特性,里面不存在相同的两个字符串,默认容量为1009。当字符串常量池中的存储比较多的字符串时,会导致hash冲突,从而每个节点形成长长的链表,导致性能下降。所以在使用字符串常量池时,一定要控制容量。
一道面试题
package com.example;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String s1 = "a";
String s2 = "b";
String s3 = "a" + "b";
String s4 = s1 + s2;
String s5 = "ab";
String s6 =s4.intern();
System.out.println(s3 == s4);
System.out.println(s3 == s5);
System.out.println(s3 == s6);
}
}
输出的结果是:false true true
代码分析
我们使用javap -v 类名命令反编译我们的类
贴上我的反编译类
Classfile /D:/myproject/cloud-parent/student-provider-1001/target/classes/com/example/Test.class
Last modified 2020-5-4; size 1107 bytes
MD5 checksum c61895056cf3de488b1ad949bccf93d2
Compiled from "Test.java"
public class com.example.Test
minor version: 0
major version: 52
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER
Constant pool:
#1 = Methodref #13.#38 // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
#2 = String #39 // a
#3 = String #40 // b
#4 = String #41 // ab
#5 = Class #42 // java/lang/StringBuilder
#6 = Methodref #5.#38 // java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":()V
#7 = Methodref #5.#43 // java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#8 = Methodref #5.#44 // java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
#9 = Methodref #45.#46 // java/lang/String.intern:()Ljava/lang/String;
#10 = Fieldref #47.#48 // java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#11 = Methodref #49.#50 // java/io/PrintStream.println:(Z)V
#12 = Class #51 // com/example/Test
#13 = Class #52 // java/lang/Object
#14 = Utf8 <init>
#15 = Utf8 ()V
#16 = Utf8 Code
#17 = Utf8 LineNumberTable
#18 = Utf8 LocalVariableTable
#19 = Utf8 this
#20 = Utf8 Lcom/example/Test;
#21 = Utf8 main
#22 = Utf8 ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
#23 = Utf8 args
#24 = Utf8 [Ljava/lang/String;
#25 = Utf8 s1
#26 = Utf8 Ljava/lang/String;
#27 = Utf8 s2
#28 = Utf8 s3
#29 = Utf8 s4
#30 = Utf8 s5
#31 = Utf8 s6
#32 = Utf8 StackMapTable
#33 = Class #24 // "[Ljava/lang/String;"
#34 = Class #53 // java/lang/String
#35 = Class #54 // java/io/PrintStream
#36 = Utf8 SourceFile
#37 = Utf8 Test.java
#38 = NameAndType #14:#15 // "<init>":()V
#39 = Utf8 a
#40 = Utf8 b
#41 = Utf8 ab
#42 = Utf8 java/lang/StringBuilder
#43 = NameAndType #55:#56 // append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#44 = NameAndType #57:#58 // toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
#45 = Class #53 // java/lang/String
#46 = NameAndType #59:#58 // intern:()Ljava/lang/String;
#47 = Class #60 // java/lang/System
#48 = NameAndType #61:#62 // out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#49 = Class #54 // java/io/PrintStream
#50 = NameAndType #63:#64 // println:(Z)V
#51 = Utf8 com/example/Test
#52 = Utf8 java/lang/Object
#53 = Utf8 java/lang/String
#54 = Utf8 java/io/PrintStream
#55 = Utf8 append
#56 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#57 = Utf8 toString
#58 = Utf8 ()Ljava/lang/String;
#59 = Utf8 intern
#60 = Utf8 java/lang/System
#61 = Utf8 out
#62 = Utf8 Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#63 = Utf8 println
#64 = Utf8 (Z)V
{
public com.example.Test();
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
LineNumberTable:
line 3: 0
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 5 0 this Lcom/example/Test;
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=3, locals=7, args_size=1
0: ldc #2 // String a
2: astore_1
3: ldc #3 // String b
5: astore_2
6: ldc #4 // String ab
8: astore_3
9: new #5 // class java/lang/StringBuilder
12: dup
13: invokespecial #6 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":()V
16: aload_1
17: invokevirtual #7 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
20: aload_2
21: invokevirtual #7 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
24: invokevirtual #8 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
27: astore 4
29: ldc #4 // String ab
31: astore 5
33: aload 4
35: invokevirtual #9 // Method java/lang/String.intern:()Ljava/lang/String;
38: astore 6
40: getstatic #10 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
43: aload_3
44: aload 4
46: if_acmpne 53
49: iconst_1
50: goto 54
53: iconst_0
54: invokevirtual #11 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Z)V
57: getstatic #10 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
60: aload_3
61: aload 5
63: if_acmpne 70
66: iconst_1
67: goto 71
70: iconst_0
71: invokevirtual #11 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Z)V
74: getstatic #10 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
77: aload_3
78: aload 6
80: if_acmpne 87
83: iconst_1
84: goto 88
87: iconst_0
88: invokevirtual #11 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Z)V
91: return
LineNumberTable:
line 6: 0
line 8: 3
line 10: 6
line 12: 9
line 14: 29
line 16: 33
line 18: 40
line 20: 57
line 22: 74
line 23: 91
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 92 0 args [Ljava/lang/String;
3 89 1 s1 Ljava/lang/String;
6 86 2 s2 Ljava/lang/String;
9 83 3 s3 Ljava/lang/String;
29 63 4 s4 Ljava/lang/String;
33 59 5 s5 Ljava/lang/String;
40 52 6 s6 Ljava/lang/String;
StackMapTable: number_of_entries = 6
frame_type = 255 /* full_frame */
offset_delta = 53
locals = [ class "[Ljava/lang/String;", class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String ]
stack = [ class java/io/PrintStream ]
frame_type = 255 /* full_frame */
offset_delta = 0
locals = [ class "[Ljava/lang/String;", class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String ]
stack = [ class java/io/PrintStream, int ]
frame_type = 79 /* same_locals_1_stack_item */
stack = [ class java/io/PrintStream ]
frame_type = 255 /* full_frame */
offset_delta = 0
locals = [ class "[Ljava/lang/String;", class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String ]
stack = [ class java/io/PrintStream, int ]
frame_type = 79 /* same_locals_1_stack_item */
stack = [ class java/io/PrintStream ]
frame_type = 255 /* full_frame */
offset_delta = 0
locals = [ class "[Ljava/lang/String;", class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String ]
stack = [ class java/io/PrintStream, int ]
}
SourceFile: "Test.java"
Process finished with exit code 0
s3=s4输出false
我们看如图反编译代码红圈圈出部分:
从反编译代码中我们可以看出,String s4 = s1 + s2; 其实就是new StringBuilder().append("a“).append("b").toString,查看StringBuilder源码的toString方法会发现,调用了new String(),那么就会在堆中重新开辟一个内存空间,与之前的s3字符串常量池没什么关系,也就是指向地址都不一样了,所以会输出false
s3=s5输出true
看如图反编译代码红圈圈出部分:
可以看出s3和s5都是对#4常量池的引用,为true的原因是jvm存在编译期优化的机制,在编译期(javac *.java时)会将可以拼接的字符串常量帮你自动拼接了,由于字符串常量池中已经存在了,因此会让s3指向一个与s5相同的那块地址,因此为true。
s3=s6输出true
简单介绍intern方法,可以使用intern方法,主动将串池中还没有的字符串对象放入字符串常量池
通过intern方法主动将s4的字符串放入了字符串常量池,将这个字符串对象尝试放入串池,如果有则不会放入,如果没有则放入串池,会把串池中的对象返回,在放入s4的时候恰好存在,因此返回该存在的引用,所以s3 = s6为true
考虑假如运行环境为jdk1.6,s3==s6?
1.6将这个字符串对象尝试放入串池,如果有则不会放入,如果没有会把此对象复制一份,会把串池中的对象返回。
若常量池中不存在等值的字符串,JVM就会在常量池中创建一个等值的字符串,然后返回该字符串的引用
所以s3和s6的指向地址并不相同,所以会返回false