Linux 入门命令

一。常用设置

1  安装SSHSecureShellClient-3.2.9 用来远程连接linux机器。linux机器上确保ssh服务打开 

                             sudo apt-get install ssh安装ssh服务

2  sudo su         ubuntu中切成root身份执行

<span style="font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif, 'Microsoft YaHei', tahoma; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 252, 246); "></span><pre id="best-content-432501219" class="best-text mb-10" name="code" style="white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: arial, 'courier new', courier, 宋体, monospace; ">Ubuntu 中的 root 帐号默认是被禁用了的。在这种情况之下，如果你想要使用 root 的权限来干些事情，就需要 sudo 指令。对某些朋友来说，他们可能需要激活 Ubuntu 中的 root 帐号。

在 Ubuntu 中激活 root 帐号的过程如下：

  a. 在终端执行 sudo passwd root 指令后，系统将会提示你设置一个新的 root 帐号密码。
  b. 点击 System -> Preferences -> Login Window 菜单，并切换到 Security 选项页，然后选中其下的“Allow local system administrator login”选项。

执行上述两步后，你便可以使用 root 帐号登录 Ubuntu 系统了。

如果要再次禁用 root 帐号，那么可以执行 sudo passwd -l root。 

</pre><pre id="best-content-432501219" class="best-text mb-10" name="code" style="white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: arial, 'courier new', courier, 宋体, monospace; ">3 开机增加命令行选项ubuntu10

    打开 <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: monospace; line-height: 18px; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); ">/boot/grub/grub.cfg 文件，copy一项然后修改</span>

<span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Consolas, 'Courier New', Courier, mono, serif; line-height: 26px; background-color: rgb(231, 229, 220); "></span><ol start="1" class="dp-xml" style="margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 1px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; list-style-type: none !important; list-style-position: initial !important; color: rgb(92, 92, 92); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><li class="alt" style="margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 10px !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; list-style-type: none !important; list-style-position: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px; line-height: 18px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; color: black; background-color: inherit; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; color: black; background-color: inherit; ">menuentry 'Ubuntu,linux 2.6.XX-XX-generic( command model)' --class ubuntu --class gun-linux --class gun --class os {  </span></span></li><li style="margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 10px !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; list-style-type: none !important; list-style-position: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px; color: rgb(92, 92, 92); line-height: 18px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; color: black; background-color: inherit; ">recordfail  </span></li><li class="alt" style="margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 10px !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; list-style-type: none !important; list-style-position: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px; line-height: 18px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; color: black; background-color: inherit; ">insmod ext2  </span></li><li style="margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 10px !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; list-style-type: none !important; list-style-position: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px; color: rgb(92, 92, 92); line-height: 18px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; color: black; background-color: inherit; ">set <span class="attribute" style="color: red; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; background-color: inherit; ">root</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; color: black; background-color: inherit; ">=</span><span class="attribute-value" style="color: blue; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; background-color: inherit; ">'(hd0,X)'</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; color: black; background-color: inherit; ">  </span></span></li><li class="alt" style="margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 10px !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; list-style-type: none !important; list-style-position: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px; line-height: 18px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; color: black; background-color: inherit; ">search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set XXXXXXX-XXX-XXXX-X  </span></li><li style="margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 10px !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; list-style-type: none !important; list-style-position: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px; color: rgb(92, 92, 92); line-height: 18px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; color: black; background-color: inherit; ">linux /vmlinuz-2.6.XX-XX-generic <span class="attribute" style="color: red; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; background-color: inherit; ">root</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; color: black; background-color: inherit; ">=</span><span class="attribute-value" style="color: blue; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; background-color: inherit; ">UUID</span><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; color: black; background-color: inherit; ">=XXXX-XX-XXX ro text   (就是这里这个text)  </span></span></li><li class="alt" style="margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 10px !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; list-style-type: none !important; list-style-position: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px; line-height: 18px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; color: black; background-color: inherit; ">initrd /initrd.img-2.6.XX-XX-generic  </span></li></ol><div><span style="line-height: 18px;">4 查看发型版本 cat /etc/issue</span></div>
 

二 基本命令

</pre><pre id="answer-content-250102415" class="answer-text mb-10" name="code" style="white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: arial, 'courier new', courier, 宋体, monospace; ">  logout 注销    shutdown -h now 关机    shutdown -r now 重启        reboot 重启

 pwd 当前目录  ./xxx 表示当前目录这个文件
  
  添加用户 useradd  dyf
  设密码   passwd   dyf  回车
  删除用户 userdel  dyf     userdel -r dyf (删除用户和文件夹)      

 ls -ahl 列出文件组信息
  
  查看所有组信息   cat /etc/group
  查看所有用户     cat /etc/passwd
  添加组     groupadd manager
  创建用户并分配到组 useradd -g 组名 用户名
  改变用户所在的组    usermod -g 组名 用户名
  改变文件所有者  chown 用户名 文件名
  改变文件所在组  chgrp 组名 文件名
  
  查询自己 who am i
  
  chmod 777 文件 <span style="color:#ff6666;"> chmod -R 777 目录  对某个目录批量改权限</span>
  
  挂载光驱  mount /mnt/cdrom/   cd  /mnt/cdrom/  （虚拟机指定光驱要重启虚拟机）
  卸载光驱  umount /mnt/cdrom/
  
  ./xx 运行程序  ./xx & 后台运行
  
  命令补全 tab 键，补全文件名等 按两下tab

  
  cp  xxx  /home

<span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 微软雅黑, Monaco, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 25px; "></span><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><code style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; padding-top: 1px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 5px; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); ">
cp -R /home/usera/* /mnt/temp <span style="font-family: arial, 'courier new', courier, 宋体, monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; ">但是这样有一个问题，/home/usera下的隐藏文件都不会被拷贝，子目录下的隐藏文件倒是会的。</span>
</code><span style="font-family: monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; ">cp -R /home/usera/. /mnt/temp 不会</span>

</p>  安装Bin文件    ./xxx.bin
  解压缩    tar -zxvf xxx.tar.gz
  startx  
    

<span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26px; "> rm 删除文件和目录 <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26px; "><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26px; ">mv 移走目录或者改文件名</span></span></span>
 
  windows 分区由 主分区和扩展分区构成，一块硬盘上主分区+扩展分区<=4 ，扩展分区不能直接使用
  必须建立逻辑分区
  
  fdisk -l 查看分区
  df /boot/  查看目录所在分区
  df -h 查看磁盘使用情况

</pre><pre id="answer-content-250102415" class="answer-text mb-10" name="code" style="white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="font-family: arial, 'courier new', courier, 宋体, monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; "> root 身份 setup 进入设置模式，可以设置网卡等服务
   设置完，运行 /etc/rc.d/init.d/network restart 
        /etc/sysconfig/network-scirps/ifcfg-th0
        linux 下的包管理工具   env 查看当前Os环境变量
   history 5 查看最近5个命令
   !5 执行历史编号为5的命令
   
   root 身份 setup 进入设置模式，可以设置网卡等服务
   设置完，运行 /etc/rc.d/init.d/network restart </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><span style="white-space: normal; "></span></span>

<span style="font-family: arial, 'courier new', courier, 宋体, monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; "><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif, SimSun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; "></span></span><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">几个特殊符号含义</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">>>追加</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">><a target=_blank href="http://wenwen.soso.com/z/Search.e?sp=S%E9%87%8D%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%91&ch=w.search.yjjlink&cid=w.search.yjjlink" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(0, 85, 153); text-decoration: none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 85, 153); ">重定向</a>输出  date > /home/lily/date1 向文件写日期</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><重定向读取</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">
</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "> dkpg -L xxx 查询安装文件具体信息     <span style="font-family: monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; ">/var/cache/apt/achives/ 存放下载文件  apt-get clean 清理包</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">
</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">
</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">crontab -e 添加定时任务  <span style="font-family: arial, 'courier new', courier, 宋体, monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; ">crontab -r 删除所有定时任务  crontab -l 列出任务</span></p>

ps -aux|more 查看进程详细信息  top

netstat -anp |more 查看端口和进程 |grep 00

service --status-all 查看服务 cat /etc/services 产看端口号对应的服务名称  service xxx stop/start/restart 服务操作

traceroute www.dd.com 追踪路由

</pre><pre id="answer-content-250102415" class="answer-text mb-10" name="code" style="white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">每个用户的环境变量 /home/xx/.bash_profile ，可以增加命令寻找路径，不用进到应用程序里在执行特定命令了

gedit 编辑文件  <span style="line-height: 19px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); ">Emacs 编程</span>

<span style="line-height: 19px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); ">grep -n "123"  /home/xxx/* 查找包含123文件，显示行号</span>

<span style="line-height: 19px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); ">alias ll ='ls -al /home/xxx' 给命令取别名</span>

<span style="line-height: 19px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); ">
</span>

<span style="line-height: 19px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); ">etc/inittab 启动级别（redhat）</span>

<span style="line-height: 19px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); ">压缩文件 zip aa.zip xx1 xx2   压缩文件夹 zip -r aa.zip xxx  解压 unzip xxx.zip -d xx  查看压缩文件的内容 unzip -Z xx.zip</span>

<span style="line-height: 19px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); ">
</span>

<span style="line-height: 19px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); ">source file 如果改变了系统变量，可以直接读取信息到shell里，不用logout了</span>

<span style="line-height: 19px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); ">find /home -name test > /home/xx/test 2>&1 把标准输出和错误输出一起保存在文件里</span>

<span style="line-height: 19px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); "><span style="font-family: arial, 'courier new', courier, 宋体, monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; "></span></span><pre id="answer-content-250102415" class="answer-text mb-10" name="code" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="line-height: 19px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); ">find /home -name test > /home/xx/test 2> /home/xx/testerror 分开放  tree 命令可以同时显示和保存到文件</span>

<span style="line-height: 19px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); "><span style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 14px; line-height: 26px; font-family: Simsun; ">tail -f example.txt 显示文件 example.txt 的后十行内容并在文件内容增加后，自动显示新增的文件内容</span>
</span>

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<span style="line-height: 19px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); "><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">cat</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 26px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">  </span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 26px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">由第一行开始显示档案内容<span lang="EN-US"> 
<strong>tac</strong>  </span>从最后一行开始显示，可以看出<span lang="EN-US"> tac </span>是<span lang="EN-US"> cat </span>的倒着写！<span lang="EN-US"> 
<strong>more</strong> </span>一页一页的显示档案内容<span lang="EN-US"> 
<strong>less</strong> </span>与<span lang="EN-US"> more </span>类似，但是比<span lang="EN-US"> more </span>更好的是，他可以往前翻页！<span lang="EN-US"> 
<strong>head</strong> </span>只看头几行<span lang="EN-US"> 
<strong>tail</strong> </span>只看尾巴几行<span lang="EN-US"> 
<strong>nl</strong>   </span>显示的时候，顺道输出 行号！<span lang="EN-US"> 
<strong>od</strong>   </span>以二进制的方式读取档案内容！</span>
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