http://blog.csdn.net/tangwei2014/article/details/46714589
copy:
<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>cp file1 file2 <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>cp -r dir1 dir2</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>
move:
<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>mv file .. <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>mv file dir/</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>
rename:
<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>mv file1 file2 <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>mv dir1 dir2 <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># dir2如果存在,则为移动操作</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>
remove:
<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>rm file <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>rm -r dir</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>
创建文件:
<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>touch a.txt <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>>a.txt</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>
创建目录:
<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>mkdir dir</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>
查看文件:
<code class="hljs livecodeserver has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#一般</span> $ cat <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">file</span> <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#查看文件类型:</span> $ <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">file</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">a</span>.txt <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#创建和查看隐藏的文件/文件夹:</span> $ touch .<span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">a</span>.txt 或者 mkdir .dir $ ls -<span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">a</span> <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#分页查看文件:</span> $ less <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">file</span> <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#ctrl ++:缩小 ctrl --:放大 j:向下滚屏 k:向上滚屏 /:字符查找 n:查找下一处 gg:文件头 G:文件尾 q:退出</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li></ul>
*通配符:
<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>rm *.html <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#删除所有的html文件</span> <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>echo a* <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># 看所有以a开头的文件</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>
打包和压缩:
<code class="hljs avrasm has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#zip文件</span> $ zip -r name<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.zip</span> dir $ unzip name<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.zip</span> <span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#.tar.gz文件</span> $ tar zxvf name<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.tar</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.gz</span> $ tar zcvf name<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.tar</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.gz</span> dir <span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#.tar.bz2文件</span> $ tar jxvf name<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.tar</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.bz</span>2 $ tar jcvf name<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.tar</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.bz</span>2 dir</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>
重定向:
三个重要文件:
linux下所有的东西都是文件
文件描述符: 0 标准输入文件 1 标准输出文件 3 标准错误输出文件
重定向的方式:
输出重定向符:> 每次重定向之前都会把文件清空 >> 追加内容到一个文件中
输出错误重定向符: 2>
输入重定向符:<
管道线:linux命令行的基石
管道线命令符:| 把符号前面的结果传给符号后面的命令作为其输入
用户和权限:
默认只有在自己的主目录/home/usrname/下有写权限 其他的地方没有写权限(ctrl + a可以直接到命令的行首)
三种基本权限:
读:r 写:w 执行:x
多用户模式: owner group world
文件模式:
<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>ls -l a.txt <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#对文件查看权限信息</span> <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>ls -ld dir <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#对目录查看权限信息</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>
对一个目录有写权限,意味着可以对里面的文件进行创建删除重命名等操作,但是对一个文件有用写权限并不拥有这些操作权限
对一个目录有执行权限,意味着可以cd进这个目录,目录在创建时 一般都有执行权限
chmod命令:
对三种用户模式下每一种文件权限都可以用1代表有改权限,0代表没有该权限
<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>chmod <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">111110110</span> a.txt <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># owner有rwx group和world只有rw权限</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>
进程:
获取进程号:
PID就表示进程号
linux下粗略的可以认为,用户每次执行一个新的程序,系统都会开启一个新的进程
ps命令:作用是报告系统上当前的进程状况
ps aux |less 查看所有的进程的进程号 $ ps aux |grep vim 查找vim的进程号
Alt + Tab可以在各个打开的程序直接切换
后台执行:
在后面加&符号,可以让程序在后台执行
如果已经打开程序了,补救的办法就是先用ctrl+z让程序暂停,回到命令行,然后输入bg命令,这样和加&一样。然后敲fg又回到前台,crtl + c关闭
kill:
<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>kill pid号 <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># 程序在正常运行的时候有用,相当于加了 -2</span> <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>kill -<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">9</span> pid <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># 当程序跑飞了,强制终止</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>
如果程序运行卡死了命令行界面,怎么办:
linux同时运行着7个工作台的,敲crtl + alt + F1到第一个工作台在这里输入命令杀死那个进程,然后敲crtl + alt + F7回到原来的工作台
查找:
locate:在系统全局范围内定位文件
locate不是在整个File system中定位文件,而是从一个database中定位文件,这也是locate执行很快的原因。
还有一个updatedb命令,负责将File system中的文件更新到database中,但是updatedb一般是每天执行一次。导致locate 不可能找到新创建的那些文件。
补救办法:$ sudo updatedb
然后再 locate
find:在目录范围内定位文件
<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>find dir <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#列出目录下的所有文件</span> <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>find dir -type f <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># 只看目录下的所有文件</span> <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>find dir -type d <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># 只看目录下的所有目录</span> <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>find dir -type f -exec xxx <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'{}'</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">';'</span> <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># xxx可以是各种系统命令,对找到的文件进行操作</span> <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>find dir -type f -exec grep hello <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'{}'</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">';'</span> -print <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># 在找到的所有文件中查找hello字符串,并且打印所在的文件的文件名</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>
grep:
<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>grep hello <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#查找hello字符串</span> <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>grep -n hello <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#并且显示出行号</span> <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>grep -ni hello <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#显示出行号,并忽略大小写</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>
ack grep:专门为程序员在代码中查找的命令
将一个二进制文件移动到~/bin下,在整个系统中就能使用该命令了: $ rm xxx ~/bin
如果一个命令太长,可以到~/bin目录下 $ ln -s xxx y
就可以给xxx取一个别名y 以后用y就相当与用xxx
网络操作:
远程操作:
自己电脑上的程序要放到服务器上,可以花10$每个月买一台VPS服务器,在服务器上装上ubuntu server系统。
ssh:可以认为是互联网上两台机器互联的一种协议,需要服务器端开22端口,就如http协议需要开80端口。除了开22端口,还需要服务器端和客户端装相应的ssh软件。
ubuntu desktop版和ubuntu server版这两个都默认是装好的。
买服务器的时候,会给一个ip,可以给这个ip绑定一个域名。
在desktop上可以这样连接服务器:$ ssh 服务器上的用户名@域名或者ip
输入密码以后就可以在服务器上操作了。
ctrl+d可以退出服务器。
每次输入密码比较烦,可以在本地上输入$ ssh-keygen
然后在.ssh下可以得到公钥(id_rsa.pub)和私钥(id_rsa)。仍然在.ssh下运行$ ssh-copy-id 服务器上的用户名@域名或者ip
。以后就不要在输入密码了。
tmux是一个很好的远程操作防止断网和误操作中断通信,数据没有保存的软件。
数据传输:
rsync: 本地和远端同步数据用的。如果ssh能用,rsync就能用。
上传使用:
<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>rsync -r 本地目录 服务器上的用户名@域名或者<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">ip:</span>服务器上路径</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>
就可以把本地的目录上传到服务器路径下。注意本地目录后面不能有/
下载只需要交换上面两个参数的位置即可
如何同步本地增加的文件:
<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>rsync -av mydir/ 服务器上的用户名@域名或者<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">ip:</span>服务器上路径/mydir/</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>
这里v参数是为了显示执行过程 a参数是为了保留更加完整的文件信息
如何同步本地既有增加又有删除的文件:
<code class="hljs coffeescript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">$ rsync -av --<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">delete</span> mydir/ 服务器上的用户名@域名或者<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0);">ip</span>:服务器上路径<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/mydir/</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>
为了防止误删除一些文件,可以先执行:
<code class="hljs brainfuck has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">$</span> <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">rsync</span> <span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">av</span> <span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">delete</span> <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">mydir/</span> <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">服务器上的用户名@域名或者ip:服务器上路径/mydir/</span> <span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">dry</span><span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">run</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>
先只报告信息,再执行真正的同步操作。
软件安装:
手动安装:
下载编译好后的代码解压缩:
得到的目录放在一个不碍事的地方,最好放在一个隐藏目录下
<code class="hljs bash has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">echo</span> <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$PATH</span> <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#可以查看环境变量PATH,它的值是一系列由:隔开的目录。</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>
只需要把可执行文件放在PATH下的任何一个目录中,就可以成为一个系统可执行的命令了。
也可以不移动可执行程序本身,而是创建一个链接:$ ln -s 本来的可执行程序目标位置以及名字
自己下载源码编译安装:
解压缩并切换到源码目录
<code class="hljs go has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">./configure <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">make</span> sudo <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">make</span> install</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>
deb包:debian package
手动安装的问题:安装依赖 会给安装过程带来不便;安装的软件多的时候会忘记都在哪些位置安装了文件,卸载软件就成了一场噩梦
deb包 = 程序本身+配置文件+安装位置+依赖关系
HAPPYCASTS第十四期讲解如何将一个程序从源码打成一个deb包
安装一个程序的deb包:$ sudo dpkg -i deb包
<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>dpkg -l |grep chrome <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#可以查看所有安装过的chrome deb包</span> <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>dpkg -<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">L</span> 包名 <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#看包安装了哪些文件</span> <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>dpkg -<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">S</span> 文件名 <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#看一个文件来自那个包</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>
从apt-get仓库安装:
apt-get中底层包裹了dpkg
开源软件一般是以源码包的形式放在github或者自由软件基金会上的,ubuntu公司会定期将这些源码包打造成deb包,并在ubuntu自己服务器上搭建一个软件仓库apt repo,再把deb包上传到软件仓库中。
在ubuntu下安装软件非常方便,$ apt-get install 软件名
就可以安装好了
卸载软件:$ sudo apt-get remove 软件名
连配置文件一起删除:$ sudo apt-get purge 软件名
不知道精确的包名的时候,可以用: $ apt-cache search 貌似的软件名|less
apt-get 也会自动帮安装上依赖文件
脚本编程技巧:
指定解析器:
一般用bash作为解析器,所以在第一行要加上: #!/usr/bin/env bash 指明用bash解析下面的语句
但是不仅bash可以解析,python ruby等等都可以解析脚本 #!/usr/bin/env python 指明用python解析
语句即命令:
在命令行中的命令,放在脚本中就称为一个语句
命令在脚本中可以直接罗列,也可以包裹到一个函数中,通过呼叫函数名来执行命令:
say_hello(){ echo "hello" }
然后调用say_hello调用echo “hello”命令
命令对空格敏感,所以脚本语句对空格异常敏感
位置参数:
脚本运行的时候也可以输入参数,在脚本中接受参数用$符号 $#表示参数的个数 $0 脚本文件名\ $1–\$n 用户提供的参数
脚本不在当前的shell执行:
脚本不是在当前的shell里执行的,而是新开了一个shell并在里面执行脚本的。
非要在当前shell中执行脚本,用source xx.sh
循环控制:
<code class="hljs bash has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cd</span> <span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$1</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> file <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> `ls` <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">do</span> ****命令 <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">done</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>
脚本中导引好可以取出命令的输出 pwd
远程执行:
脚本中写:
<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>ssh -t 远程用户名<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ip</span>或者域名 <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'要执行的脚本或者命令'</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>
确认执行:
<code class="hljs bash has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">echo</span> -n <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Want to continue? (Y/n)"</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">read</span> AAA <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> [<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">${AAA:-y}</span>"</span> = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"y"</span>];<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">then</span> <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#调用函数</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">echo</span> Nothing <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">done</span>, bye. <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">fi</span></code>