python入门基础语法

1、变量

变量类型：不用声明，赋值是什么类型该变量就是什么类型；

命名规则：全小写，使用下划线连接单词；

str_test = "China"
int_test = 123
float_test = 123.5
print(str_test)
print(type(str_test))
print(int_test)
print(type(int_test))
print(float_test)
print(type(float_test))

China
<class 'str'>
123
<class 'int'>
123.5
<class 'float'>

2、类型转换

str_eight = str(8)
int_eight = int(str_eight)
print(type(str_eight))
print(type(int_eight))

<class 'str'>
<class 'int'>

3、运算符

加 + 减 - 乘* 除/ 幂**，加减乘除大家都一样，就不多说了，幂：

int_days = 10
print(int_days ** 2)

100

4、List集合

声明、赋值和取值，下标index从0开始

months = []
months.append("January")
months.append("February")
print(months)
print(months[0])

['January', 'February']
January

int_months = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]
#从后面开始取
print(int_months[-1])
#切片 取index为2和3的 不包含4
print(int_months[2:4])
#取index从5开始的到最后
print(int_months[5:])
#取index从0到2的
print(int_months[:3])

12
[3, 4]
[6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]
[1, 2, 3]

5、循环结构

通过冒号和缩进来控制代码块，类似Java的{}

citys = ["Beijing", "Shanghai", "Guangzhou"]
for city in citys:
    print(city)

Beijing
Shanghai
Guangzhou

i = 0
while i < 3:
    i += 1
    print(i)

1
2
3

for i in range(10):
    print(i)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

6、判断结构

与其它语言没什么不同，没什么好讲的了。当直接使用数字时1=True，0=False

sample = 100
if sample > 1:
    print(sample)
else:
    print("not found")

100

animals = ["cat", "dog", "rabbit"]
if "cat" in animals:
    print("cat found")

cat found

7、字典结构

即是key value 键值对

scores = {}
scores["Jim"] = 80
scores["Sue"] = 85
scores["Ann"] = 75
print(type(scores))
print(scores)
print(scores["Sue"])

<class 'dict'>
{'Jim': 80, 'Sue': 85, 'Ann': 75}
85

students = {
    "Tom": 60,
    "Jim": 70
}
print("Tom" in students)

True

8、文件操作

open(文件名,操作模式)  r为读，w为写，完成后记得close

f = open("d:\\test.txt", "w")
f.write("123456")
f.write("\n")
f.write("234567")
f.close()
f = open("d:\\test.txt", "r")
g = f.read()
print(g)
f.close()

123456
234567

读取一个csv文件放到List中，csv内容如下

weather_data = []
f = open("d:\\weather.csv", "r")
data = f.read()
rows = data.split('\n')
for row in rows:
    split_row = row.split('\t')
    weather_data.append(split_row)
print(weather_data)
f.close()

[['1', 'Sunny'], ['2', 'Sunny'], ['3', 'Fog'], ['4', 'Rain'], ['5', 'Rain'], ['6', 'Sunny'], ['7', 'Fog']]

9、函数定义

def printHello():
    print ('hello python')
    
def add(a, b):
    return a + b
    
printHello()
print(add(1, 2))

hello python
3