Docker系列（5） Docker 容器使用

1. Docker 客户端

docker 客户端非常简单 ,我们可以直接输入 docker 命令来查看到 Docker 客户端的所有命令选项。

dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker

Usage:	docker [OPTIONS] COMMAND

A self-sufficient runtime for containers

Options:
      --config string      Location of client config files (default "/home/dd/.docker")
  -c, --context string     Name of the context to use to connect to the daemon (overrides DOCKER_HOST env var and default context set with "docker context use")
  -D, --debug              Enable debug mode
  -H, --host list          Daemon socket(s) to connect to
  -l, --log-level string   Set the logging level ("debug"|"info"|"warn"|"error"|"fatal") (default "info")
      --tls                Use TLS; implied by --tlsverify
      --tlscacert string   Trust certs signed only by this CA (default "/home/dd/.docker/ca.pem")
      --tlscert string     Path to TLS certificate file (default "/home/dd/.docker/cert.pem")
      --tlskey string      Path to TLS key file (default "/home/dd/.docker/key.pem")
      --tlsverify          Use TLS and verify the remote
  -v, --version            Print version information and quit

Management Commands:
  builder     Manage builds
  config      Manage Docker configs
  container   Manage containers
  context     Manage contexts
  engine      Manage the docker engine
  image       Manage images
  network     Manage networks
  node        Manage Swarm nodes
  plugin      Manage plugins
  secret      Manage Docker secrets
  service     Manage services
  stack       Manage Docker stacks
  swarm       Manage Swarm
  system      Manage Docker
  trust       Manage trust on Docker images
  volume      Manage volumes

Commands:
  attach      Attach local standard input, output, and error streams to a running container
  build       Build an image from a Dockerfile
  commit      Create a new image from a container's changes
  cp          Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem
  create      Create a new container
  diff        Inspect changes to files or directories on a container's filesystem
  events      Get real time events from the server
  exec        Run a command in a running container
  export      Export a container's filesystem as a tar archive
  history     Show the history of an image
  images      List images
  import      Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image
  info        Display system-wide information
  inspect     Return low-level information on Docker objects
  kill        Kill one or more running containers
  load        Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN
  login       Log in to a Docker registry
  logout      Log out from a Docker registry
  logs        Fetch the logs of a container
  pause       Pause all processes within one or more containers
  port        List port mappings or a specific mapping for the container
  ps          List containers
  pull        Pull an image or a repository from a registry
  push        Push an image or a repository to a registry
  rename      Rename a container
  restart     Restart one or more containers
  rm          Remove one or more containers
  rmi         Remove one or more images
  run         Run a command in a new container
  save        Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)
  search      Search the Docker Hub for images
  start       Start one or more stopped containers
  stats       Display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics
  stop        Stop one or more running containers
  tag         Create a tag TARGET_IMAGE that refers to SOURCE_IMAGE
  top         Display the running processes of a container
  unpause     Unpause all processes within one or more containers
  update      Update configuration of one or more containers
  version     Show the Docker version information
  wait        Block until one or more containers stop, then print their exit codes

Run 'docker COMMAND --help' for more information on a command.

可以通过命令 docker command --help 更深入的了解指定的 Docker 命令使用方法。

例如我们要查看 docker stats 指令的具体使用方法：

dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker stats --help

Usage:	docker stats [OPTIONS] [CONTAINER...]

Display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics

Options:
  -a, --all             Show all containers (default shows just running)
      --format string   Pretty-print images using a Go template
      --no-stream       Disable streaming stats and only pull the first result
      --no-trunc        Do not truncate output

2. 容器使用

2.1 获取镜像

如果我们本地没有 ubuntu 镜像，我们可以使用 docker pull 命令来载入 ubuntu 镜像：

dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker pull ubuntu

Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/ubuntu
d51af753c3d3: Pull complete 
fc878cd0a91c: Pull complete 
6154df8ff988: Pull complete 
fee5db0ff82f: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:747d2dbbaaee995098c9792d99bd333c6783ce56150d1b11e333bbceed5c54d7
Status: Downloaded newer image for ubuntu:latest
docker.io/library/ubuntu:latest

2.2 启动容器

以下命令使用 ubuntu 镜像启动一个容器，参数为以命令行模式进入该容器：

dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker run -it ubuntu /bin/bash
root@27f6750675e1:/# 

参数说明：

• -i: 交互式操作。
• -t: 终端。
• ubuntu: ubuntu 镜像。
• /bin/bash：放在镜像名后的是命令，这里我们希望有个交互式 Shell，因此用的是 /bin/bash。

要退出终端，直接输入 exit:

root@27f6750675e1:/# exit
exit
dd@ubuntu04:~$ 

2.3 启动已停止运行的容器

查看所有的容器命令如下：

dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker ps -a

CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED              STATUS                      PORTS               NAMES
27f6750675e1        ubuntu              "/bin/bash"              About a minute ago   Exited (0) 42 seconds ago                       priceless_sinoussi
59ea255506bd        ubuntu:18.04        "/bin/sh -c 'while t…"   13 hours ago         Exited (137) 13 hours ago                       pensive_meninsky5
4ee4b474dd97        ubuntu:18.04        "/bin/bash"              13 hours ago         Exited (0) 13 hours ago                         funny_jepsen
1255d4baa690        ubuntu:18.04        "/bin/echo 'Hello wo…"   13 hours ago         Exited (0) 13 hours ago                         strange_euler
109636351a72        hello-world         "/hello"                 14 hours ago         Exited (0) 14 hours ago                         modest_turing
831320a55d0c        hello-world         "/hello"                 14 hours ago         Exited (0) 14 hours ago                         epic_joliot
39ed0eb25cf5        hello-world         "/hello"                 14 hours ago         Exited (0) 14 hours ago                         wizardly_sammet

使用 docker start 启动一个已停止的容器：

dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker start 27f6750675e1
27f6750675e1

dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
27f6750675e1        ubuntu              "/bin/bash"         3 minutes ago       Up 28 seconds                           priceless_sinoussi

2.4 后台运行

在大部分的场景下，我们希望 docker 的服务是在后台运行的，我们可以过 -d 指定容器的运行模式。

dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker run -itd --name ubuntu-test ubuntu /bin/bash
12a20b95e6b3a44ec71286ee00fa1860246202c4439c0a00bb8e7d000307b646

dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
12a20b95e6b3        ubuntu              "/bin/bash"         31 seconds ago      Up 29 seconds                           ubuntu-test
27f6750675e1        ubuntu              "/bin/bash"         4 minutes ago       Up About a minute                       priceless_sinoussi

TIPS
加了 -d 参数默认不会进入容器，想要进入容器需要使用指令 docker exec

2.5 停止一个容器

停止容器的命令如下：

docker stop <容器 ID>

dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker stop 12a20b95e6b3
12a20b95e6b3
dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker stop priceless_sinoussi
priceless_sinoussi
dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES

2.6 重启容器

停止的容器可以通过 docker restart 重启：

docker restart <容器 ID>|<容器 names>

dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker restart priceless_sinoussi
priceless_sinoussi
dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
27f6750675e1        ubuntu              "/bin/bash"         8 minutes ago       Up 6 seconds                            priceless_sinoussi

2.7 进入容器

在使用 -d 参数时，容器启动后会进入后台。此时想要进入容器，可以通过以下指令进入：

docker attach

docker exec：推荐大家使用 docker exec 命令，因为此退出容器终端，不会导致容器的停止。

2.7.1 attach 命令

下面演示了使用 docker attach 命令。

dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker attach 27f6750675e1
root@27f6750675e1:/# exit
exit
dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES

TIPS
注意： 如果从这个容器退出，会导致容器的停止。

2.7.2 exec 命令

下面演示了使用 docker exec 命令。

dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker exec -it 27f6750675e1 /bin/bash
root@27f6750675e1:/# exit
exit
dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
27f6750675e1        ubuntu              "/bin/bash"         13 minutes ago      Up 21 seconds                           priceless_sinoussi
dd@ubuntu04:~$ 

TIPS
注意： 如果从这个容器退出，不会导致容器的停止，这就是为什么推荐大家使用 docker exec 的原因。
更多参数说明请使用 docker exec --help 命令查看。

2.8 导出和导入容器

2.8.1 导出容器

如果要导出本地某个容器，可以使用 docker export 命令。

dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker export 27f6750675e1 > dd-ubuntu.tar

dd@ubuntu04:~$ ll
total 74504
drwxr-xr-x 5 dd   dd         4096 May  7 00:50 ./
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root       4096 May  6 02:18 ../
-rw------- 1 dd   dd         1181 May  6 09:49 .bash_history
-rw-r--r-- 1 dd   dd          220 Apr  4  2018 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r-- 1 dd   dd         3771 Apr  4  2018 .bashrc
drwx------ 2 dd   dd         4096 May  6 02:23 .cache/
-rw-rw-r-- 1 dd   docker 76237312 May  7 00:50 dd-ubuntu.tar
drwx------ 3 dd   dd         4096 May  6 02:23 .gnupg/
-rw-r--r-- 1 dd   dd          807 Apr  4  2018 .profile
drwx------ 2 dd   dd         4096 May  6 09:52 .ssh/
-rw-r--r-- 1 dd   dd            0 May  6 02:42 .sudo_as_admin_successful
-rw------- 1 root root       8996 May  6 09:44 .viminfo
-rw------- 1 dd   dd          108 May  6 09:49 .Xauthority

这样将导出容器快照到本地文件。

TIPS
导出的时候容器是否在运行状态没有影响

2.8.2 导入容器快照

可以使用 docker import 从容器快照文件中再导入为镜像，以下实例将快照文件 dd-ubuntu.tar 导入到镜像 test/ubuntu:v1

dd@ubuntu04:~$  cat dd-ubuntu.tar | docker import - dd/ubuntu:v1
sha256:63cf4e1dfe435578d0bc4f6953072d0adf38715ab93f120bd0b7a7e979d7b602

dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
dd/ubuntu           v1                  63cf4e1dfe43        14 seconds ago      73.9MB
ubuntu              latest              1d622ef86b13        13 days ago         73.9MB
ubuntu              18.04               c3c304cb4f22        13 days ago         64.2MB
hello-world         latest              bf756fb1ae65        4 months ago        13.3kB

此外，也可以通过指定 URL 或者某个目录来导入

docker import <url>

2.9 删除容器

删除容器使用 docker rm 命令：

dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker rm -f 12a20b95e6b3

dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                      PORTS               NAMES
12a20b95e6b3        ubuntu              "/bin/bash"              25 minutes ago      Exited (0) 22 minutes ago                       ubuntu-test
27f6750675e1        ubuntu              "/bin/bash"              29 minutes ago      Exited (0) 10 minutes ago                       priceless_sinoussi
59ea255506bd        ubuntu:18.04        "/bin/sh -c 'while t…"   13 hours ago        Exited (137) 13 hours ago                       pensive_meninsky5
4ee4b474dd97        ubuntu:18.04        "/bin/bash"              14 hours ago        Exited (0) 14 hours ago                         funny_jepsen
1255d4baa690        ubuntu:18.04        "/bin/echo 'Hello wo…"   14 hours ago        Exited (0) 14 hours ago                         strange_euler
109636351a72        hello-world         "/hello"                 15 hours ago        Exited (0) 15 hours ago                         modest_turing
831320a55d0c        hello-world         "/hello"                 15 hours ago        Exited (0) 15 hours ago                         epic_joliot
39ed0eb25cf5        hello-world         "/hello"                 15 hours ago        Exited (0) 15 hours ago                         wizardly_sammet
dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker rm -f 12a20b95e6b3
12a20b95e6b3
dd@ubuntu04:~$ docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                      PORTS               NAMES
27f6750675e1        ubuntu              "/bin/bash"              29 minutes ago      Exited (0) 10 minutes ago                       priceless_sinoussi
59ea255506bd        ubuntu:18.04        "/bin/sh -c 'while t…"   13 hours ago        Exited (137) 13 hours ago                       pensive_meninsky5
4ee4b474dd97        ubuntu:18.04        "/bin/bash"              14 hours ago        Exited (0) 14 hours ago                         funny_jepsen
1255d4baa690        ubuntu:18.04        "/bin/echo 'Hello wo…"   14 hours ago        Exited (0) 14 hours ago                         strange_euler
109636351a72        hello-world         "/hello"                 15 hours ago        Exited (0) 15 hours ago                         modest_turing
831320a55d0c        hello-world         "/hello"                 15 hours ago        Exited (0) 15 hours ago                         epic_joliot
39ed0eb25cf5        hello-world         "/hello"                 15 hours ago        Exited (0) 15 hours ago                         wizardly_sammet
dd@ubuntu04:~$ 

3. 参考文献

[1] Docker 容器使用