numpy中ndarray的[]和[[]]有什么区别？

In Python, particularly when dealing with NumPy arrays (ndarray), the difference between [] and [[]] reflects the dimensions of the array created.

1. [] - Creating a 1D Array

Using [] with NumPy’s array function creates a one-dimensional array, which is essentially a single row of items. Here’s an example:

array_1d = np.array([])
print(array_1d)
print("Shape:", array_1d.shape)

This code results in:

Shape: (0,)

In this example, array_1d is an empty one-dimensional array with a shape of (0,), indicating there are no elements in this single dimension.

2. [[]] - Creating a 2D Array

Using [[]] constructs a two-dimensional array, similar to a matrix with one row and no columns if empty, or more rows and columns if data is included:

import numpy as np

# Create an empty 2D array
array_2d = np.array([[]])
print(array_2d)
print("Shape:", array_2d.shape)

This code outputs:

Shape: (1, 0)

Here, array_2d is an empty two-dimensional array. The shape (1, 0) indicates that there is one row and zero columns. If you were to populate this array structure with elements, it would look something like this:

#Create a 2D array with some data
array_2d = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
print(array_2d)
print("Shape:", array_2d.shape)

This would output:

[[1 2 3]
 [4 5 6]]
Shape: (2, 3)

Key Differences and Usage

Dimensionality: [] results in a 1D array, while [[]] results in a 2D array. This difference is crucial in applications where dimensionality affects the computation, such as matrix operations, where a 2D array (even with a single row or column) behaves differently from a 1D array.

Functionality in Libraries: Many functions in libraries like NumPy and Pandas expect data in a two-dimensional (matrix) format. For example, machine learning algorithms implemented in libraries like scikit-learn often require features as a 2D array.

Data Storage: Using 2D arrays allows for more structured data storage (like tables or matrices), which is beneficial in contexts where data relationships or operations (like dot products or matrix multiplication) are essential.

When working with NumPy or similar libraries, understanding and correctly implementing the dimensionality of arrays is critical to harnessing the full power of these tools for efficient and error-free data processing.