深入理解SOLID原则之LSP：从VB.NET车辆案例看里氏替换原则

时武鹤

于 2025-06-07 09:03:16 发布

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深入理解SOLID原则之LSP：从VB.NET车辆案例看里氏替换原则

roadmap-retos-programacion Ruta de estudio basada en ejercicios de código semanales en 2024 de la comunidad MoureDev para aprender y practicar lógica usando cualquier lenguaje de programación. 项目地址: https://gitcode.com/gh_mirrors/ro/roadmap-retos-programacion

什么是里氏替换原则(LSP)

里氏替换原则(Liskov Substitution Principle, LSP)是面向对象编程中SOLID原则的"L"部分，由Barbara Liskov提出。该原则指出：程序中任何父类对象都应该能够被子类对象替换，而不会影响程序的正确性。换句话说，子类应该能够完全替代其父类，而不会产生任何意外的行为。

LSP的核心思想

行为一致性：子类必须保持与父类相同的行为契约
前置条件不变：子类方法不能加强前置条件（不能对输入参数有更严格的限制）
后置条件不变：子类方法不能削弱后置条件（必须至少提供与父类相同的输出保证）
不变量保持：子类必须保持父类定义的所有不变量

VB.NET中的LSP实现分析

让我们通过一个车辆管理系统的案例来理解LSP在VB.NET中的实际应用。

基础类设计

首先定义一个抽象的Vehicle基类：

Public MustInherit Class Vehicle
    Public ReadOnly Property Brand As String
    Public ReadOnly Property Model As String

    Public Sub New(brand As String, model As String)
        Me.Brand = brand
        Me.Model = model
    End Sub

    Public MustOverride Function Accelerate() As String
    Public MustOverride Function Brake() As String
End Class

这个基类定义了所有车辆共有的属性和行为：

品牌(Brand)和型号(Model)属性
加速(Accelerate)和刹车(Brake)的抽象方法

派生类实现

接下来创建三个具体的车辆子类：

汽车(Car)类：

Public Class Car
    Inherits Vehicle

    Public Sub New(brand As String, model As String)
        MyBase.New(brand, model)
    End Sub

    Public Overrides Function Accelerate() As String
        Dim properties As String = $"{Brand} - {Model}"
        Return $"Acelerando auto: {properties}"
    End Function

    Public Overrides Function Brake() As String
        Dim properties As String = $"{Brand} - {Model}"
        Return $"Frenando auto: {properties}"
    End Function
End Class

摩托车(Motorcycle)类：

Class Motorcycle
    Inherits Vehicle

    Public Sub New(brand As String, model As String)
        MyBase.New(brand, model)
    End Sub

    Public Overrides Function Accelerate() As String
        Dim properties As String = $"{Brand} - {Model}"
        Return $"Acelerando Motocicleta: {properties}"
    End Function

    Public Overrides Function Brake() As String
        Dim properties As String = $"{Brand} - {Model}"
        Return $"Frenando Motocicleta: {properties}"
    End Function
End Class

卡车(Truck)类：

Public Class Truck
    Inherits Vehicle

    Public Sub New(brand As String, model As String)
        MyBase.New(brand, model)
    End Sub

    Public Overrides Function Accelerate() As String
        Dim properties As String = $"{Brand} - {Model}"
        Return $"Acelerando Camión: {properties}"
    End Function

    Public Overrides Function Brake() As String
        Dim properties As String = $"{Brand} - {Model}"
        Return $"Frenando Camión: {properties}"
    End Function
End Class

LSP验证测试

为了验证我们的设计是否符合LSP原则，我们编写了测试代码：

Public Module Program
    Public Sub Main()
        Dim Car As Vehicle = New Car("Honda", "Civic")
        TestSubClass(Car)

        Dim Motorcycle As Vehicle = New Motorcycle("Kawasaki", "Ninja")
        TestSubClass(Motorcycle)

        Dim Truck As Vehicle = New Truck("Ford", "Raptor")
        TestSubClass(Truck)
    End Sub

    Public Sub TestSubClass(SubClass As Vehicle)
        Console.WriteLine(vbCrLf + "Propiedades:")
        Console.WriteLine($"{SubClass.Brand} - {SubClass.Model}")

        Console.WriteLine(vbCrLf + "Métodos:")
        Console.WriteLine(SubClass.Accelerate())
        Console.WriteLine(SubClass.Brake())
    End Sub
End Module

这个测试展示了LSP的关键点：TestSubClass方法接收的是Vehicle类型的参数，但我们传入的是各种子类实例。程序能够正常运行，说明子类完全替代了父类，这正是LSP所要求的。