Linux在内核启动过程中start_kernel->setup_arch会调用如下两个函数对页表进行初始化和建立。
static inline void prepare_page_table(void)
{
unsigned long addr;
/*
* Clear out all the mappings below the kernel image.
*/
//初始化0~MODULES_VADDR(0xBF000000)地址空间的页表,0xBF000000~0xC0000000的16M空间用来存放kernel module library
//关于PGDIR_SIZE=2M和pmd_clear下面单独叙述
for (addr = 0; addr < MODULES_VADDR; addr += PGDIR_SIZE)
pmd_clear(pmd_off_k(addr));
#ifdef CONFIG_XIP_KERNEL
//XIP内核(即kernel image存放在Nor flash等可偏上执行的存储体中)存放在kernel module area,不能影响kernel image所在的地址空间的页表,etext为kernel代码段结束地址,加一页,应该是为kernel数据段保留足够的空间
/* The XIP kernel is mapped in the module area -- skip over it */
addr = ((unsigned long)_etext + PGDIR_SIZE - 1) & PGDIR_MASK;
#endif
for ( ; addr < PAGE_OFFSET; addr += PGDIR_SIZE)//否则kernel module在使用时才动态加载,现在需要初始化该区域的页表
pmd_clear(pmd_off_k(addr));
/*
* Clear out all the kernel space mappings, except for the first
* memory bank, up to the end of the vmalloc region.
*/
//由于第一个Bank存储着kernel image,这段空间的页表在head.S已经建立完成,以后无论什么动作都不能影响这段页表
for (addr = __phys_to_virt(bank_phys_end(&meminfo.bank[0]));
addr < VMALLOC_END; addr += PGDIR_SIZE)
pmd_clear(pmd_off_k(addr));
}
由于ARM采用两级映射,pmd不占用字段,pmd=pgd,而这里一次清了两个pgd,和pgd的定义正好对应,所以在for循环时每次步长为PGDIR_SIZE(2M),根本的原因是ARM linux使用了ARM的两个段,在用户态为__USER_CS__USER_DS,在内核态为__KERNEL_CS和__KERNEL_DS
初始化页表里也会flush对应的TLB。
typedef unsigned long pgd_t[2];
#define pmd_clear(pmdp) \
do { \
pmdp[0] = __pmd(0); \
pmdp[1] = __pmd(0); \
clean_pmd_entry(pmdp); \
} while (0)
static inline pmd_t *pmd_off_k(unsigned long virt)
{
return pmd_off(pgd_offset_k(virt), virt);
}
#define pgd_offset_k(addr) pgd_offset(&init_mm, addr)
/* to find an entry in a page-table-directory */
#define pgd_index(addr) ((addr) >> PGDIR_SHIFT)
#define pgd_offset(mm, addr) ((mm)->pgd+pgd_index(addr))
/* to find an entry in a kernel page-table-directory */
#define pgd_offset_k(addr) pgd_offset(&init_mm, addr)
/* Find an entry in the second-level page table.. */
#define pmd_offset(dir, addr) ((pmd_t *)(dir))
/* Find an entry in the third-level page table.. */
#define __pte_index(addr) (((addr) >> PAGE_SHIFT) & (PTRS_PER_PTE - 1))
map_lowmem函数会为地段物理内存的每个bank逐一调用map_memory_bank做页表映射,再调用create_mapping建立页表
/* * Create the page directory entries and any necessary * page tables for the mapping specified by `md'. We * are able to cope here with varying sizes and address * offsets, and we take full advantage of sections and * supersections. */ static void __init create_mapping(struct map_desc *md) { unsigned long phys, addr, length, end; const struct mem_type *type; pgd_t *pgd; //在内核为个bank建立页表时,它虚拟地址不可能落在user空间 if (md->virtual != vectors_base() && md->virtual < TASK_SIZE) { printk(KERN_WARNING "BUG: not creating mapping for " "0x%08llx at 0x%08lx in user region\n", __pfn_to_phys((u64)md->pfn), md->virtual); return; } //高端内存通过alloc_page+kmap的形式映射,在初始化阶段不可能有bank的虚拟地址落在VMALLOC线性地址空间 if ((md->type == MT_DEVICE || md->type == MT_ROM) && md->virtual >= PAGE_OFFSET && md->virtual < VMALLOC_END) { printk(KERN_WARNING "BUG: mapping for 0x%08llx at 0x%08lx " "overlaps vmalloc space\n", __pfn_to_phys((u64)md->pfn), md->virtual); } type = &mem_types[md->type]; //如果有大于4G的物理内存,单独建立 /* * Catch 36-bit addresses */ if (md->pfn >= 0x100000) { create_36bit_mapping(md, type); return; } addr = md->virtual & PAGE_MASK; phys = (unsigned long)__pfn_to_phys(md->pfn); length = PAGE_ALIGN(md->length + (md->virtual & ~PAGE_MASK));//将bank整页对齐 if (type->prot_l1 == 0 && ((addr | phys | length) & ~SECTION_MASK)) {//不能section(1M)对齐的 printk(KERN_WARNING "BUG: map for 0x%08lx at 0x%08lx can not " "be mapped using pages, ignoring.\n", __pfn_to_phys(md->pfn), addr); return; } pgd = pgd_offset_k(addr); end = addr + length; do { unsigned long next = pgd_addr_end(addr, end); alloc_init_section(pgd, addr, next, phys, type);//真正建立页表的函数 phys += next - addr; addr = next; } while (pgd++, addr != end); } static void __init alloc_init_section(pgd_t *pgd, unsigned long addr, unsigned long end, unsigned long phys, const struct mem_type *type) { pmd_t *pmd = pmd_offset(pgd, addr); /* * Try a section mapping - end, addr and phys must all be aligned * to a section boundary. Note that PMDs refer to the individual * L1 entries, whereas PGDs refer to a group of L1 entries making * up one logical pointer to an L2 table. */ if (((addr | end | phys) & ~SECTION_MASK) == 0) {//完整的一个section(1M)直接生成段页表 pmd_t *p = pmd; if (addr & SECTION_SIZE) pmd++; do { *pmd = __pmd(phys | type->prot_sect);//填充段页表地址和section相关属性 phys += SECTION_SIZE; } while (pmd++, addr += SECTION_SIZE, addr != end); flush_pmd_entry(p); } else {//不是段对齐的,要分配二级页表 /* * No need to loop; pte's aren't interested in the * individual L1 entries. */ alloc_init_pte(pmd, addr, end, __phys_to_pfn(phys), type); } } static void __init alloc_init_pte(pmd_t *pmd, unsigned long addr, unsigned long end, unsigned long pfn, const struct mem_type *type) { pte_t *pte; if (pmd_none(*pmd)) {//check pmd指向的L1页表中的页表项是否存在,不存在的话使用Bootmem分配所需的二级页表空间 pte = alloc_bootmem_low_pages(2 * PTRS_PER_PTE * sizeof(pte_t)); __pmd_populate(pmd, __pa(pte) | type->prot_l1);//填充二级页表,即pte的物理地址和prot_l1 } pte = pte_offset_kernel(pmd, addr);//建立pte do { set_pte_ext(pte, pfn_pte(pfn, __pgprot(type->prot_pte)), 0);//set_pte_ext与平台相关,它完成硬件页表和内核页表两者的创建 pfn++; } while (pte++, addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);}