17. Letter Combinations of a Phone Number

Description：

Given a digit string, return all possible letter combinations that the number could represent.

A mapping of digit to letters (just like on the telephone buttons) is given below.

Input:Digit string "23"
Output: ["ad", "ae", "af", "bd", "be", "bf", "cd", "ce", "cf"].

Note:
Although the above answer is in lexicographical order, your answer could be in any order you want.

思路分析：本题大意是说给出数字，写出所对应的所有字母的可能性。一个数字对应了三个字母，要列出所有的可能性的话就使用回溯算法backtracking。

举例：

初始化排列{""}

1、输入2，代表"abc"

已有排列中只有字符串""，所以得到{"a","b","c"}

2、输入3，代表"def"

(1)对于排列中的首元素"a"，删除"a"，并分别加入'd','e','f'，得到{"b","c","ad","ae","af"}

(2)对于排列中的首元素"b"，删除"b"，并分别加入'd','e','f'，得到{"c","ad","ae","af","bd","be","bf"}

(2)对于排列中的首元素"c"，删除"c"，并分别加入'd','e','f'，得到{"ad","ae","af","bd","be","bf","cd","ce","cf"}

class Solution {
public:
    vector<string> letterCombinations(string digits) {
        vector<string> ret;
        if(digits == "")
            return ret;
            
        ret.push_back("");
        
        vector<string> dict(10); //0~9
        dict[2] = "abc";
        dict[3] = "def";
        dict[4] = "ghi";
        dict[5] = "jkl";
        dict[6] = "mno";
        dict[7] = "pqrs";
        dict[8] = "tuv";
        dict[9] = "wxyz";
        
        for(int i = 0; i < digits.size(); i ++)
        {
            int size = ret.size();
            for(int j = 0; j < size; j ++)
            {
                string cur = ret[0];
                ret.erase(ret.begin());
                for(int k = 0; k < dict[digits[i]-'0'].size(); k ++)
                {
                    ret.push_back(cur + dict[digits[i]-'0'][k]);
                }
            }
        }
        return ret;
    }
};