时区和偏移量

---

created: 2022-07-23T13:11:07+08:00
updated: 2022-07-23T14:17:40+08:00
tag:

• DateTimeAPI
• DateTimeAPI/ZonedDateTime
• DateTimeAPI/OffsetDateTime
• DateTimeAPI/OffsetTime

---

Time Zone and Offset

时区是使用相同标准时间的地球区域。每个时区由一个标识符描述，通常具有区域/城市（Asia/Tokyo）格式和 Greenwich/UTC 时间的偏移量。例如，东京的偏移量是 +09:00。

The ZoneId and ZoneOffset Classes

Date-Time API 提供了两个类用于指定时区或偏移量：

• ZoneId 指定时区标识符并提供在 Instant 和 LocalDateTime 之间转换的规则。

• ZoneOffset 指定与 Greenwich/UTC 时间的时区偏移量。

与 Greenwich/UTC 时间的偏移通常以整小时定义，但也有例外。

Set<String> allZones = ZoneId.getAvailableZoneIds();
LocalDateTime dt = LocalDateTime.now();

// Create a List using the set of zones and sort it.
List<String> zoneList = new ArrayList<>(allZones).sort();

for (String zone : zoneList) {
    ZoneId zone = ZoneId.of(zone);
    ZonedDateTime zdt = dt.atZone(zone);
    ZoneOffset offset = zdt.getOffset();
    int secondsOfHour = offset.getTotalSeconds() % (60 * 60);
    String out = String.format("%35s %10s%n", zone, offset);

    // Write only time zones that do not have a whole hour offset
    // to standard out.
    if (secondsOfHour != 0) {
        System.out.printf(out);
    }
}

result

      America/Caracas     -04:30
     America/St_Johns     -02:30
        Asia/Calcutta     +05:30
         Asia/Colombo     +05:30
           Asia/Kabul     +04:30
       Asia/Kathmandu     +05:45
        Asia/Katmandu     +05:45
         Asia/Kolkata     +05:30
         Asia/Rangoon     +06:30
          Asia/Tehran     +04:30
   Australia/Adelaide     +09:30
Australia/Broken_Hill     +09:30
     Australia/Darwin     +09:30
      Australia/Eucla     +08:45
        Australia/LHI     +10:30
  Australia/Lord_Howe     +10:30
      Australia/North     +09:30
      Australia/South     +09:30
 Australia/Yancowinna     +09:30
  Canada/Newfoundland     -02:30
         Indian/Cocos     +06:30
                 Iran     +04:30
              NZ-CHAT     +12:45
      Pacific/Chatham     +12:45
    Pacific/Marquesas     -09:30
      Pacific/Norfolk     +11:30

The Date Time Classes

Date-Time API 提供了三个使用时区的基于时间的类：

• ZonedDateTime 处理具有相应时区的日期和时间，该时区与 Greenwich/UTC 有时区偏移。

• OffsetDateTime 处理具有相对于 Greenwich/UTC 的相应时区偏移的日期和时间，没有时区 ID。

• OffsetTime 处理时间与 Greenwich/UTC 的相应时区偏移量，没有时区 ID。

The ZonedDateTime Class

ZonedDateTime 类实际上结合了 LocalDateTime 类和 ZoneId 类。

example

DateTimeFormatter format = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("MMM d yyyy  hh:mm a");

// Leaving from San Francisco on July 20, 2013, at 7:30 p.m.
LocalDateTime leaving = LocalDateTime.of(2013, Month.JULY, 20, 19, 30);
ZoneId leavingZone = ZoneId.of("America/Los_Angeles"); 
ZonedDateTime departure = ZonedDateTime.of(leaving, leavingZone);

try {
    String out1 = departure.format(format);
    System.out.printf("LEAVING:  %s (%s)%n", out1, leavingZone);
} catch (DateTimeException exc) {
    System.out.printf("%s can't be formatted!%n", departure);
    throw exc;
}

// Flight is 10 hours and 50 minutes, or 650 minutes
ZoneId arrivingZone = ZoneId.of("Asia/Tokyo"); 
ZonedDateTime arrival = departure.withZoneSameInstant(arrivingZone)
                                 .plusMinutes(650);

try {
    String out2 = arrival.format(format);
    System.out.printf("ARRIVING: %s (%s)%n", out2, arrivingZone);
} catch (DateTimeException exc) {
    System.out.printf("%s can't be formatted!%n", arrival);
    throw exc;
}

if (arrivingZone.getRules().isDaylightSavings(arrival.toInstant())){
        System.out.printf("  (%s daylight saving time will be in effect.)%n",
        arrivingZone);
} else{
        System.out.printf("  (%s standard time will be in effect.)%n",
        arrivingZone);
}

result

LEAVING:  Jul 20 2013  07:30 PM (America/Los_Angeles)
ARRIVING: Jul 21 2013  10:20 PM (Asia/Tokyo)
  (Asia/Tokyo standard time will be in effect.)

The OffsetDateTime Class

实际上，OffsetDateTime 类将 LocalDateTime 类与 ZoneOffset 类结合在一起。

example

// Find the last Thursday in July 2013.
LocalDateTime localDate = LocalDateTime.of(2013, Month.JULY, 20, 19, 30);
ZoneOffset offset = ZoneOffset.of("-08:00");

OffsetDateTime offsetDate = OffsetDateTime.of(localDate, offset);
OffsetDateTime lastThursday =
        offsetDate.with(TemporalAdjusters.lastInMonth(DayOfWeek.THURSDAY));
System.out.printf("The last Thursday in July 2013 is the %sth.%n",
                   lastThursday.getDayOfMonth());

result

The last Thursday in July 2013 is the 25th.

The OffsetTime Class

实际上，OffsetTime 类将 LocalTime 类与 ZoneOffset 类结合在一起。

OffsetTime 类在与 OffsetDateTime 类相同的情况下使用，但在不需要跟踪日期时。

[[Instant]]