Boost.Interprocess使用手册翻译之二：快速指南 （Quick Guide for the Impatient）

二．快速指南（为急于想了解Boost.Interprocess的朋友）

使用共享内存做为一个匿名内存块池 创建命名共享内存对象 为共享内存使用一个偏移智能指针 在共享内存中创建容器(vector) 在共享内存中创建映射表(map)

 

使用共享内存做为一个匿名内存块池

你可以仅分配共享内存段的一部分，拷贝消息至那块缓冲区中，然后发送那部分共享内存的偏移量至另外一个进程即可。示例如下：

#include <boost/interprocess/managed_shared_memory.hpp>
#include <cstdlib> //std::system
#include <sstream>
 
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
   using namespace boost::interprocess;
   if(argc == 1){  //Parent process
      //Remove shared memory on construction anddestruction
      struct shm_remove
      {
         shm_remove() {  shared_memory_object::remove("MySharedMemory");}
         ~shm_remove(){  shared_memory_object::remove("MySharedMemory"); }
      }remover;
 
      //Create a managed shared memory segment
      managed_shared_memory segment(create_only,"MySharedMemory",65536);
 
      //Allocate a portion of the segment (rawmemory)
      managed_shared_memory::size_type free_memory = segment.get_free_memory();
      void * shptr = segment.allocate(1024/*bytes toallocate*/);
 
      //Check invariant
      if(free_memory <= segment.get_free_memory())
         return 1;
 
      //An handle from the base address canidentify any byte of the shared
      //memory segment even if it is mapped indifferent base addresses
      managed_shared_memory::handle_t handle = segment.get_handle_from_address(shptr);
      std::stringstream s;
      s<< argv[0]<< " "<< handle;
      s<< std::ends;
      //Launch child process
      if(0 != std::system(s.str().c_str()))
         return 1;
      //Check memory has been freed
      if(free_memory != segment.get_free_memory())
         return 1;
   }
   else{
      //Open managed segment
      managed_shared_memory segment(open_only,"MySharedMemory");
 
      //An handle from the base address canidentify any byte of the shared
      //memory segment even if it is mapped indifferent base addresses
      managed_shared_memory::handle_t handle = 0;
 
      //Obtain handle value
      std::stringstream s; s<< argv[1];s >> handle;
 
      //Get buffer local address from handle
      void *msg = segment.get_address_from_handle(handle);
 
      //Deallocate previously allocated memory
      segment.deallocate(msg);
   }
   return 0;
}

 创建命名共享内存对象

你可以在共享内存段中创建对象，给它们string类型的名字以便其他进程能够找到它们，使用它们，并且当对象不再使用时从内存段中删除它们。示例如下：

#include <boost/interprocess/managed_shared_memory.hpp>
#include <cstdlib> //std::system
#include <cstddef>
#include <cassert>
#include <utility>
 
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
   using namespace boost::interprocess;
   typedef std::pair<double, int> MyType;
 
   if(argc == 1){  //Parent process
      //Remove shared memory on construction and destruction
      struct shm_remove
      {
         shm_remove() { shared_memory_object::remove("MySharedMemory"); }
         ~shm_remove(){ shared_memory_object::remove("MySharedMemory"); }
      } remover;
 
      //Construct managed shared memory
      managed_shared_memory segment(create_only, "MySharedMemory", 65536);
 
      //Create an object of MyType initialized to {0.0, 0}
      MyType *instance = segment.construct<MyType>
         ("MyType instance")  //name of the object
         (0.0, 0);            //ctor first argument
 
      //Create an array of 10 elements of MyType initialized to {0.0, 0}
      MyType *array = segment.construct<MyType>
         ("MyType array")     //name of the object
         [10]                 //number of elements
         (0.0, 0);            //Same two ctor arguments for all objects
 
      //Create an array of 3 elements of MyType initializing each one
      //to a different value {0.0, 0}, {1.0, 1}, {2.0, 2}...
      float float_initializer[3] = { 0.0, 1.0, 2.0 };
      int   int_initializer[3]   = { 0, 1, 2 };
 
      MyType *array_it = segment.construct_it<MyType>
         ("MyType array from it")   //name of the object
         [3]                        //number of elements
         ( &float_initializer[0]    //Iterator for the 1st ctor argument
         , &int_initializer[0]);    //Iterator for the 2nd ctor argument
 
      //Launch child process
      std::string s(argv[0]); s += " child ";
      if(0 != std::system(s.c_str()))
         return 1;
 
 
      //Check child has destroyed all objects
      if(segment.find<MyType>("MyType array").first ||
         segment.find<MyType>("MyType instance").first ||
         segment.find<MyType>("MyType array from it").first)
         return 1;
   }
   else{
      //Open managed shared memory
      managed_shared_memory segment(open_only, "MySharedMemory");
 
      std::pair<MyType*, managed_shared_memory::size_type> res;
 
      //Find the array
      res = segment.find<MyType> ("MyType array");
      //Length should be 10
      if(res.second != 10) return 1;
 
      //Find the object
      res = segment.find<MyType> ("MyType instance");
      //Length should be 1
      if(res.second != 1) return 1;
 
      //Find the array constructed from iterators
      res = segment.find<MyType> ("MyType array from it");
      //Length should be 3
      if(res.second != 3) return 1;
 
      //We're done, delete all the objects
      segment.destroy<MyType>("MyType array");
      segment.destroy<MyType>("MyType instance");
      segment.destroy<MyType>("MyType array from it");
   }
   return 0;
}

 

为共享内存使用一个偏移智能指针

Boost.Interprocess提供offset_ptr智能指针家族做为一个偏移指针，它用来存储偏移指针地址与对象地址的距离。当offset_ptr置于共享内存段中时，它能安全的指向这块共享内存段中的对象，甚至当内存段在不同的进程映射到不同的基地址时也能正常工作。

这使得带指针成员的对象能够放置在共享内存中。例如，如果我们想在共享内存中创建一个链表：

#include <boost/interprocess/managed_shared_memory.hpp>
#include <boost/interprocess/offset_ptr.hpp>
 
using namespace boost::interprocess;
 
//Shared memory linked list node
struct list_node
{
   offset_ptr<list_node> next;
   int                   value;
};
 
int main ()
{
   //Remove shared memory on construction and destruction
   struct shm_remove
   {
      shm_remove() { shared_memory_object::remove("MySharedMemory"); }
      ~shm_remove(){ shared_memory_object::remove("MySharedMemory"); }
   } remover;
 
   //Create shared memory
   managed_shared_memory segment(create_only,
                                 "MySharedMemory",  //segment name
                                 65536);
 
   //Create linked list with 10 nodes in shared memory
   offset_ptr<list_node> prev = 0, current, first;
 
   int i;
   for(i = 0; i < 10; ++i, prev = current){
      current = static_cast<list_node*>(segment.allocate(sizeof(list_node)));
      current->value = i;
      current->next  = 0;
 
      if(!prev)
         first = current;
      else
         prev->next = current;
   }
 
   //Communicate list to other processes
   //. . .
   //When done, destroy list
   for(current = first; current; /**/){
      prev = current;
      current = current->next;
      segment.deallocate(prev.get());
   }
   return 0;
}

为了更好处理基本数据结构，Boost.Interprocess提供了类似于vector、list、map的容器，因此你能避免这些数据结构手册，就像使用标准容器一样。

 

在共享内存中创建容器(vector)

Boost.Interprocess允许在共享内存和内存映射文件中创建复杂的对象。例如，我们可以在共享内存中创建类STL容器。为了做到这点，我们仅需创建一个特殊（控制）的共享内存片段，申明一个Boost.Interprocess分配器然后创建像其他对象一样在共享内存中创建vector.

这个允许在共享内存中创建复杂结构的类是 boost::interprocess::managed_shared_memory，它使用起来非常简单。只要不带参数执行下面这个例子：

#include <boost/interprocess/managed_shared_memory.hpp>
#include <boost/interprocess/containers/vector.hpp>
#include <boost/interprocess/allocators/allocator.hpp>
#include <string>
#include <cstdlib> //std::system
 
using namespace boost::interprocess;
 
//Define an STL compatible allocator of ints that allocates from the managed_shared_memory.
//This allocator will allow placing containers in the segment
typedef allocator<int, managed_shared_memory::segment_manager>  ShmemAllocator;
 
//Alias a vector that uses the previous STL-like allocator so that allocates
//its values from the segment
typedef vector<int, ShmemAllocator> MyVector;
 
//Main function. For parent process argc == 1, for child process argc == 2
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
   if(argc == 1){ //Parent process
      //Remove shared memory on construction and destruction
      struct shm_remove
      {
         shm_remove() { shared_memory_object::remove("MySharedMemory"); }
         ~shm_remove(){ shared_memory_object::remove("MySharedMemory"); }
      } remover;
 
      //Create a new segment with given name and size
      managed_shared_memory segment(create_only, "MySharedMemory", 65536);
 
      //Initialize shared memory STL-compatible allocator
      const ShmemAllocator alloc_inst (segment.get_segment_manager());
 
      //Construct a vector named "MyVector" in shared memory with argument alloc_inst
      MyVector *myvector = segment.construct<MyVector>("MyVector")(alloc_inst);
 
      for(int i = 0; i < 100; ++i)  //Insert data in the vector
         myvector->push_back(i);
 
      //Launch child process
      std::string s(argv[0]); s += " child ";
      if(0 != std::system(s.c_str()))
         return 1;
 
      //Check child has destroyed the vector
      if(segment.find<MyVector>("MyVector").first)
         return 1;
   }
   else{ //Child process
      //Open the managed segment
      managed_shared_memory segment(open_only, "MySharedMemory");
 
      //Find the vector using the c-string name
      MyVector *myvector = segment.find<MyVector>("MyVector").first;
 
      //Use vector in reverse order
      std::sort(myvector->rbegin(), myvector->rend());
 
      //When done, destroy the vector from the segment
      segment.destroy<MyVector>("MyVector");
   }
 
   return 0;
};

父进程将创建一个特殊的共享内存类，它允许许多具名复杂数据结构的构建。子进程（译注：原文这里误写为父进程）带参数的执行同一个程序，打开共享内存，使用vector并且删除它。

 

在共享内存中创建映射表(map)

与vector一样，Boost.Interprocess允许在共享内存和内存映射文件中创建映射表。唯一的不同点在于，与标准关联容器一样，当分配器传入到构造函数中时，Boost.Interprocess的map也需要定义比较函数：

#include <boost/interprocess/managed_shared_memory.hpp>
#include <boost/interprocess/containers/map.hpp>
#include <boost/interprocess/allocators/allocator.hpp>
#include <functional>
#include <utility>
 
int main ()
{
   using namespace boost::interprocess;
 
   //Remove shared memory on construction and destruction
   struct shm_remove
   {
      shm_remove() { shared_memory_object::remove("MySharedMemory"); }
      ~shm_remove(){ shared_memory_object::remove("MySharedMemory"); }
   } remover;
 
   //Shared memory front-end that is able to construct objects
   //associated with a c-string. Erase previous shared memory with the name
   //to be used and create the memory segment at the specified address and initialize resources
   managed_shared_memory segment
      (create_only
      ,"MySharedMemory" //segment name
      ,65536);          //segment size in bytes
 
   //Note that map<Key, MappedType>'s value_type is std::pair<const Key, MappedType>,
   //so the allocator must allocate that pair.
   typedef int    KeyType;
   typedef float  MappedType;
   typedef std::pair<const int, float> ValueType;
 
   //Alias an STL compatible allocator of for the map.
   //This allocator will allow to place containers
   //in managed shared memory segments
   typedef allocator<ValueType, managed_shared_memory::segment_manager>
      ShmemAllocator;
 
   //Alias a map of ints that uses the previous STL-like allocator.
   //Note that the third parameter argument is the ordering function
   //of the map, just like with std::map, used to compare the keys.
   typedef map<KeyType, MappedType, std::less<KeyType>, ShmemAllocator> MyMap;
 
   //Initialize the shared memory STL-compatible allocator
   ShmemAllocator alloc_inst (segment.get_segment_manager());
 
   //Construct a shared memory map.
   //Note that the first parameter is the comparison function,
   //and the second one the allocator.
   //This the same signature as std::map's constructor taking an allocator
   MyMap *mymap =
      segment.construct<MyMap>("MyMap")      //object name
                                 (std::less<int>() //first  ctor parameter
                                 ,alloc_inst);     //second ctor parameter
 
   //Insert data in the map
   for(int i = 0; i < 100; ++i){
      mymap->insert(std::pair<const int, float>(i, (float)i));
   }
   return 0;
}

更多例子（包含容器的容器），可参考章节“容器的容器”