.net Delegate (一):使用

与Microsoft.Net中的string、int一样，delegate首先是一个关键字。通过声明此关键字(delegate),可以定义一个引用类型( reference type)--或者说，delegate本就是代表一个封装好的类。.Net用它来提供类型安全的回调函数机制。

从一个网上流行的猫鼠联动的例子开始： 老鼠跑，猫叫，主人惊醒。不考虑观察者模式，使用delegate代码如：

    
//注意这个例子是老鼠做为驱动者
//定义一个RunEventHandler委托类型,方法签名为void返回，接受一个mouseName参数.
     public delegate void RunEventHandler(string mouseName);
    class Mouse
    {
        public RunEventHandler runEventHandler;
        private string _name=string.Empty;

        public Mouse(string name)
        {
            this._name = name;
        }

        public void Run()
        {
            if (runEventHandler != null)
                runEventHandler(this._name);
        }
    }


    class Cat
    {
        public void Cry(string mouseName)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("cat: {0} is running", mouseName);
        }
    }


    class Master
    {
        public void Say(string mouseName)
        {Console.WriteLine("I know {0} is running,shut up!", mouseName);}
    }

    class Program
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// 应用程序的主入口点。
        /// </summary>
        [STAThread]
        static void Main()
        {
            Cat cat = new Cat();
            Master master = new Master();

            Mouse m1 = new Mouse("Jack");
            m1.runEventHandler += new RunEventHandler(cat.Cry);
            m1.runEventHandler += new RunEventHandler(master.Say);
            m1.Run();
            Console.ReadLine();
        }
    }

这是段运行良好的代码，但为了说明deledate的使用，可以把要求再扩展一下：
小猫Tom( 汤姆)是老鼠Jerry( 杰瑞)的死对头。这天 老鼠Jerry叫来了强壮的老鼠哥哥和老鼠舅舅，要教训下Tom;

Tom听到风声，也邀请了邻居猫Tim助阵，并准备拍下这场战斗。

    class MouseFamily
    {
        //定义Feedback委托类型
        public delegate void Feedback(string mouseName, int num);

        private string[] mice;

        public MouseFamily(string[] mouseName)
        {
            mice=new string[mouseName.Length];
            for (int i = 0; i < mouseName.Length; i++)
                mice[i] = mouseName[i];
        }

        public void Run(Feedback feedback)
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < mice.Length; i++)
            {
                if (feedback != null)
                    feedback(mice[i], i + 1);
            }
        }
    }

    class Cat
    {
        private string _catName;

        public Cat(string catName)
        { this._catName = catName; }

        public void Cry(string mouseName,int num)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("{0}:{1} is running,{2}",this._catName,mouseName,num);
            Console.WriteLine("Fighting...");
        }
    }

    class Master
    {

        public void say(string mouseName, int num)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Master:I know {0} is running,shup up",mouseName);
        }
    }

class Program
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// 应用程序的主入口点。
        /// </summary>
        [STAThread]
        static void Main()
        {
            StaticFun();
            InstanceFun();

            Console.ReadLine();
        }

        //回调实例对象方法
        static void InstanceFun()
        {
            Program newApp = new Program();
            newApp.Fighting();

        }

        //回调静态方法
        static void StaticFun()
        {
            MouseFamily mouseFamily = new MouseFamily(new string[] { "Jerry", "Jerry's brother", "Jerry'uncle" });
            mouseFamily.Run(new MouseFamily.Feedback(Program.Vedio));
        }

        static void Vedio(string mouseName, int num)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Find mouse:{0},{1}", mouseName, num);
        }

        public void Fighting()
        {
            MouseFamily mouseFamily = new MouseFamily(new string[] { "Jerry", "Jerry's brother", "Jerry'uncle" });
            Cat Tom = new Cat("Tom");
            Cat Tim = new Cat("Tim");
            Master master = new Master();

            mouseFamily.Run(Tom.Cry);
            mouseFamily.Run(Tim.Cry);
            mouseFamily.Run(master.say);
        }
    }

运行结果如：

[1]使用delegate的一个特点就是类型安全，即被回调的方法和声明的原形一致，包括返回类型和参数。
这里public delegate void Feedback(string mouseName, int num)和Program.Vedio(...),Cat.Cry(...)，Master.say(...)是一致的。
[2]更多的猫或老鼠，或者其他受驱动对象可以方便的添加。

            //追加委托对象也可以下面这种方式
            //mouseFamily.Run(Tom.Cry);
            //mouseFamily.Run(Tim.Cry);
            //mouseFamily.Run(master.say);

            MouseFamily.Feedback feedback=null;
            feedback+=new MouseFamily.Feedback(Tom.Cry);
            feedback+=new MouseFamily.Feedback(Tim.Cry);
            feedback += new MouseFamily.Feedback(master.say);
            mouseFamily.Run(feedback);