linux系统网络设置
一.查看网络配置
1.使用ifconfig命令查看网络接口的信息
（1）ifconfig命令查看所有活动的网络接口信息
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.206.128 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.206.255
inet6 fe80::3339:805:9ff3:5382 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:f7:67:91 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 10834 bytes 14982280 (14.2 MiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 5283 bytes 343978 (335.9 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 356 bytes 30848 (30.1 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 356 bytes 30848 (30.1 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.122.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255
ether 52:54:00:b5:13:98 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
查看的信息详细说明
ens33：第一块以太网卡的名称，en表示以太网卡，s表示热插拔
inet：表示网路接口的IP地址
netmask：表示网络接口的子网掩码
broadcast：表示网络接口的所在网络的广播地址
inet6：表示IPv6
ether：表示网络接口的物理地址（MAC地址）
RX,TX:表示网路接口的接收发送的数据流量等信息
lo：表示loopback，回环网络接口
virbr0：表示虚拟网卡
（2）查看单个网路接口信息
ipconfig 网卡名 显示单个网卡信息
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.206.128 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.206.255
inet6 fe80::3339:805:9ff3:5382 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:f7:67:91 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 10840 bytes 14982952 (14.2 MiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 5289 bytes 344680 (336.6 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
（3）查看所有网路接口信息
ifconfig -a 全部显示 包括活动和不活动的接口
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig -a
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.206.128 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.206.255
inet6 fe80::3339:805:9ff3:5382 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:f7:67:91 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 10841 bytes 14983012 (14.2 MiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 5289 bytes 344680 (336.6 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 356 bytes 30848 (30.1 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 356 bytes 30848 (30.1 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.122.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255
ether 52:54:00:b5:13:98 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
virbr0-nic: flags=4098<BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
ether 52:54:00:b5:13:98 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
网路管理工具
NetworkManager
network
查看状态
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status NetworkManager
● NetworkManager.service - Network Manager
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/NetworkManager.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since 一 2021-05-24 10:16:20 CST; 4h 9min ago
Docs: man:NetworkManager(8)
Main PID: 6235 (NetworkManager)
Tasks: 4
CGroup: /system.slice/NetworkManager.service
├─6235 /usr/sbin/NetworkManager --no-daemon
└─8991 /sbin/dhclient -d -q -sf /usr/libexec/nm-dhcp-helper -pf /v...
5月 24 14:18:56 localhost.localdomain dhclient[8991]: DHCPREQUEST on ens33 t...
5月 24 14:18:56 localhost.localdomain dhclient[8991]: DHCPACK from 192.168.2...
5月 24 14:18:56 localhost.localdomain NetworkManager[6235]: <info> [1621837...
5月 24 14:18:56 localhost.localdomain NetworkManager[6235]: <info> [1621837...
5月 24 14:18:56 localhost.localdomain NetworkManager[6235]: <info> [1621837...
5月 24 14:18:56 localhost.localdomain NetworkManager[6235]: <info> [1621837...
5月 24 14:18:56 localhost.localdomain NetworkManager[6235]: <info> [1621837...
5月 24 14:18:56 localhost.localdomain NetworkManager[6235]: <info> [1621837...
5月 24 14:18:56 localhost.localdomain NetworkManager[6235]: <info> [1621837...
5月 24 14:18:56 localhost.localdomain dhclient[8991]: bound to 192.168.206.1...
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status network
● network.service - LSB: Bring up/down networking
Loaded: loaded (/etc/rc.d/init.d/network; bad; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (exited) since 一 2021-05-24 10:16:50 CST; 4h 10min ago
Docs: man:systemd-sysv-generator(8)
Tasks: 0
5月 24 10:16:50 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting LSB: Bring up/dow...
5月 24 10:16:50 localhost.localdomain network[6549]: 正在打开环回接口： [ 确…]
5月 24 10:16:50 localhost.localdomain network[6549]: 正在打开接口 ens33： [ … ]
5月 24 10:16:50 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started LSB: Bring up/down...
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[root@localhost ~]#
2.使用route命令查看路由表条目
route
route -n
可以将路由记录中的地址显示为数字形式，可以跳过解析主机名的过程，在路由条目较多的情况下能够加快执行速度。
[root@localhost ~]# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
default gateway 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 ens33
192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
192.168.206.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 ens33
[root@localhost ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
0.0.0.0 192.168.206.2 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 ens33
192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
192.168.206.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 ens33
说明
目标网段是Default时，表示此行是默认网关记录
getway下一跳为*时，表示目标网段是与本机直接相连的
3.使用ip/ethtool命令查看网络接口
ip link
查看网络接口数据链路层信息
[root@localhost ~]# ip link
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:f7:67:91 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: virbr0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/ether 52:54:00:b5:13:98 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
4: virbr0-nic: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast master virbr0 state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/ether 52:54:00:b5:13:98 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
ip address
查看网络接口网络层信息
[root@localhost ~]# ip address
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:f7:67:91 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.206.128/24 brd 192.168.206.255 scope global noprefixroute dynamic ens33
valid_lft 1033sec preferred_lft 1033sec
inet6 fe80::3339:805:9ff3:5382/64 scope link noprefixroute
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: virbr0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether 52:54:00:b5:13:98 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global virbr0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: virbr0-nic: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast master virbr0 state DOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether 52:54:00:b5:13:98 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
ethtool 网卡
查看指定网络接口的速率模式等信息
[root@localhost ~]# ethtool ens33
Settings for ens33:
Supported ports: [ TP ]
Supported link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
1000baseT/Full
Supported pause frame use: No
Supports auto-negotiation: Yes
Supported FEC modes: Not reported
Advertised link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
1000baseT/Full
Advertised pause frame use: No
Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes
Advertised FEC modes: Not reported
Speed: 1000Mb/s
Duplex: Full
Port: Twisted Pair
PHYAD: 0
Transceiver: internal
Auto-negotiation: on
MDI-X: off (auto)
Supports Wake-on: d
Wake-on: d
Current message level: 0x00000007 (7)
drv probe link
Link detected: yes
4.使用netstat命令查看网络连接情况
netstat命令
选项说明
netstat
-a 查看所有活动的网络连接信息
-u 查看udp协议的相关信息
-t 查看tcp协议的相关信息
-l 查看监听状态的网络连接及端口信息
-n 以数字形式显示相关的主机地址多扣信息
-p 显示与网路哦连接相关联的进程号进程名信息
-r 显示路由表信息
可以选项进行组合使用
netstat -a | head
[root@localhost ~]# netstat -a | head
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:x11 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost.locald:domain 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:smtp 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:sunrpc [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:x11 [::]:* LISTEN
[root@localhost ~]#
netstat -apu | head
[root@localhost ~]# netstat -apu | head
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
udp 0 0 localhost.locald:domain 0.0.0.0:* 7093/dnsmasq
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:bootps 0.0.0.0:* 7093/dnsmasq
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:bootpc 0.0.0.0:* 8991/dhclient
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc 0.0.0.0:* 1/systemd
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:mdns 0.0.0.0:* 6117/avahi-daemon:
udp 0 0 localhost:323 0.0.0.0:* 6120/chronyd
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:40307 0.0.0.0:* 6117/avahi-daemon:
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:quotad 0.0.0.0:* 6101/rpcbind
netstat -anpu | head
[root@localhost ~]# netstat -anpu | head
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
udp 0 0 192.168.122.1:53 0.0.0.0:* 7093/dnsmasq
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:67 0.0.0.0:* 7093/dnsmasq
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:68 0.0.0.0:* 8991/dhclient
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:* 1/systemd
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:5353 0.0.0.0:* 6117/avahi-daemon:
udp 0 0 127.0.0.1:323 0.0.0.0:* 6120/chronyd
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:40307 0.0.0.0:* 6117/avahi-daemon:
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:762 0.0.0.0:* 6101/rpcbind
netstat -anpt | grep sshd
[root@localhost ~]# netstat -anpt | grep sshd
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 6700/sshd
tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 6700/sshd
netstat -r 显示路由表信息
[root@localhost ~]# netstat -r
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface
default gateway 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 ens33
192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
192.168.206.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 ens33
5.查看系统网络连接情况，获取socket统计信息ss命令
选项说明
-a 查看所有的端口号的状态
-t 查看tcp已连接的状态
-l 查看LISTEN状态的端口号
-n 端口号显示数字；把服务解析成数字
-p 显示进程的状态，即PID进程号
-u 查看udp协议端口状态
-r 查看路由表
-o 查看状态有个计算器，存活时间
-4 - 6 只显示v4或v6V版本的
-s 打印出统计信息。这个选项不解析从各种源获得的socket。对于解析/proc/net/top大量的sockets计数时很有效
-0 显示PACKET sockets
-w 只显示RAW sockets
-x 只显示UNIX域sockets
-i 只查看监听（linsten状态）连接
ss -antp |grep 22
看执行命令使用的时间
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antp |grep 22
LISTEN 0 5 192.168.122.1:53 *:* users:(("dnsmasq",pid=8541,fd=6))
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:* users:(("sshd",pid=6858,fd=3))
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::* users:(("sshd",pid=6858,fd=4))
[root@localhost ~]# time ss -antp |grep 22
LISTEN 0 5 192.168.122.1:53 *:* users:(("dnsmasq",pid=8541,fd=6))
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:* users:(("sshd",pid=6858,fd=3))
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::* users:(("sshd",pid=6858,fd=4))
real 0m0.104s
user 0m0.010s
sys 0m0.097s
[root@localhost ~]#
查看tcp已连接的状态有哪些
ss -t state established
[root@localhost ~]# ss -t state established
Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
0 0 192.168.206.129:ssh 192.168.206.1:53824
查看并发量
[root@localhost ~]# ss -o state established | wc -l
1302
[root@localhost ~]# netstat -ant |grep EST |wc -l
1
[root@localhost ~]#
二.测试网络连接
1.使用ping命令测试网络的连通性
ping 192.168.206.129 连通正常
[root@localhost ~]# ping 192.168.206.129
PING 192.168.206.129 (192.168.206.129) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.206.129: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.531 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.206.129: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.960 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.206.129: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=3.12 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.206.129: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.735 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.206.129: icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=1.13 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.206.129: icmp_seq=6 ttl=64 time=0.529 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.206.129: icmp_seq=7 ttl=64 time=3.37 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.206.129: icmp_seq=8 ttl=64 time=2.49 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.206.129: icmp_seq=9 ttl=64 time=2.04 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.206.129: icmp_seq=10 ttl=64 time=3.45 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.206.129: icmp_seq=11 ttl=64 time=0.661 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.206.129: icmp_seq=12 ttl=64 time=2.68 ms
^C //按ctrl+C组合键终止执行
--- 192.168.206.129 ping statistics ---
12 packets transmitted, 12 received, 0% packet loss, time 11045ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.529/1.810/3.450/1.121 ms
ping 192.168.206.20 主机不可达
[root@localhost ~]# ping 192.168.206.20
PING 192.168.206.20 (192.168.206.20) 56(84) bytes of data.
From 192.168.206.128 icmp_seq=1 Destination Host Unreachable
From 192.168.206.128 icmp_seq=2 Destination Host Unreachable
From 192.168.206.128 icmp_seq=3 Destination Host Unreachable
From 192.168.206.128 icmp_seq=4 Destination Host Unreachable
From 192.168.206.128 icmp_seq=5 Destination Host Unreachable
From 192.168.206.128 icmp_seq=6 Destination Host Unreachable
From 192.168.206.128 icmp_seq=7 Destination Host Unreachable
From 192.168.206.128 icmp_seq=8 Destination Host Unreachable
From 192.168.206.128 icmp_seq=9 Destination Host Unreachable
From 192.168.206.128 icmp_seq=10 Destination Host Unreachable
From 192.168.206.128 icmp_seq=11 Destination Host Unreachable
From 192.168.206.128 icmp_seq=12 Destination Host Unreachable
^C
--- 192.168.206.20 ping statistics ---
12 packets transmitted, 0 received, +12 errors, 100% packet loss, time 11018ms
pipe 4
2.使用tarceroute命令跟踪数据包的路由途径
使用traceroute命令可以测试当前主机到目的主机之间经过了哪些网络节点，并显示各中间节点的连接状态（响应时间），其中*表示无法显示的节点。
[root@localhost ~]# traceroute 192.168.206.129
traceroute to 192.168.206.129 (192.168.206.129), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
1 192.168.206.129 (192.168.206.129) 0.363 ms !X 0.335 ms !X 0.296 ms !X
[root@localhost ~]# traceroute www.baidu.com
traceroute to www.baidu.com (180.101.49.11), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
1 gateway (192.168.206.2) 0.068 ms 0.059 ms 0.061 ms
2 * * *
3 * * *
4 * * *
5 * * *
6 * * *
7 *^C
[root@localhost ~]#
3.使用nslookup命令测试DNS域名解析
[root@localhost ~]# nslookup www.baidu.com
Server: 192.168.206.2 //所使用的的DNS服务器
Address: 192.168.206.2#53
Non-authoritative answer: //DNS解析反馈的结果
www.baidu.com canonical name = www.a.shifen.com.
Name: www.a.shifen.com
Address: 180.101.49.11
Name: www.a.shifen.com
Address: 180.101.49.12
使用host和dig也可以用于域名解析
[root@localhost ~]# host www.baidu.com
www.baidu.com is an alias for www.a.shifen.com.
www.a.shifen.com has address 180.101.49.12
www.a.shifen.com has address 180.101.49.11
[root@localhost ~]# dig www.baidu.com
; <<>> DiG 9.9.4-RedHat-9.9.4-72.el7 <<>> www.baidu.com
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 16126
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 3, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;www.baidu.com. IN A
;; ANSWER SECTION:
www.baidu.com. 5 IN CNAME www.a.shifen.com.
www.a.shifen.com. 5 IN A 180.101.49.12
www.a.shifen.com. 5 IN A 180.101.49.11
;; Query time: 12 msec
;; SERVER: 192.168.206.2#53(192.168.206.2)
;; WHEN: 二 5月 25 16:23:12 CST 2021
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 90
三.使用网络配置命令
修改网络配置参数有临时配置和固定配置。
1.使用ifconfig命令
（1）修改网卡的IP地址和子网掩码
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33 192.168.166.21/24
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.166.21 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.166.255
inet6 fe80::3339:805:9ff3:5382 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:f7:67:91 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 11943 bytes 15076650 (14.3 MiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 5818 bytes 391915 (382.7 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 369 bytes 32241 (31.4 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 369 bytes 32241 (31.4 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.122.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255
ether 52:54:00:b5:13:98 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
（2）禁用，激活网络接口
ifconfig ens33 down禁用网卡
ifconfig ens33 up 启用网卡
ifdown ens33 ifup ens33 也可以
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33 down
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33 up
[root@localhost ~]#
（3）为网卡绑定虚拟接口
一般用于调试，临时使用测试用，添加虚拟网络接口。
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33:0 192.168.1.1/24
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.166.21 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.166.255
ether 00:0c:29:f7:67:91 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 12009 bytes 15082641 (14.3 MiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 5918 bytes 402741 (393.3 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
ens33:0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255
ether 00:0c:29:f7:67:91 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 369 bytes 32241 (31.4 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 369 bytes 32241 (31.4 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.122.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255
ether 52:54:00:b5:13:98 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
2.使用route命令添加，删除静态路由记录
（1）添加，删除到指定网段的路由记录
[root@localhost ~]# route add -net 192.168.3.0/24 gw 192.168.206.2 //添加静态路由
[root@localhost ~]# route -n //查询确认添加的条目
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
0.0.0.0 192.168.206.2 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 ens33
192.168.3.0 192.168.206.2 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 ens33
192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
192.168.206.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 ens33
[root@localhost ~]# route del -net 192.168.3.0/24 //删除静态路由
[root@localhost ~]# route -n //查询确认路由条目
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
0.0.0.0 192.168.206.2 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 ens33
192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
192.168.206.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 ens33
[root@localhost ~]#
（2）添加，删除默认网关记录
[root@localhost ~]# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
default gateway 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 ens33
192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
192.168.206.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 ens33
[root@localhost ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
0.0.0.0 192.168.206.2 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 ens33
192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
192.168.206.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 ens33
[root@localhost ~]# route del default gw 192.168.206.2 //删除默认网关记录
[root@localhost ~]# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
192.168.206.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 ens33
[root@localhost ~]# route add default gw 192.168.206.254//添加新的默认网关记录
[root@localhost ~]# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
default gateway 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 ens33
192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
192.168.206.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 ens33
[root@localhost ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
0.0.0.0 192.168.206.254 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 ens33
192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
192.168.206.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 ens33
四.网络配置文件
1.网络接口配置文件
默认目录/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@localhost network-scripts]# ll
总用量 252
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 279 5月 24 19:46 ifcfg-ens33
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 254 8月 24 2018 ifcfg-lo
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 24 5月 23 19:58 ifdown -> ../../../usr/sbin/ifdown
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 654 8月 24 2018 ifdown-bnep
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 6532 8月 24 2018 ifdown-eth
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 6190 10月 31 2018 ifdown-ib
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 781 8月 24 2018 ifdown-ippp
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 4540 8月 24 2018 ifdown-ipv6
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 11 5月 23 19:58 ifdown-isdn -> ifdown-ippp
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2130 8月 24 2018 ifdown-post
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1068 8月 24 2018 ifdown-ppp
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 870 8月 24 2018 ifdown-routes
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1456 8月 24 2018 ifdown-sit
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1621 3月 18 2017 ifdown-Team
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1556 3月 18 2017 ifdown-TeamPort
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1462 8月 24 2018 ifdown-tunnel
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 22 5月 23 19:58 ifup -> ../../../usr/sbin/ifup
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 12415 8月 24 2018 ifup-aliases
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 910 8月 24 2018 ifup-bnep
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 13475 8月 24 2018 ifup-eth
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10114 10月 31 2018 ifup-ib
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 12075 8月 24 2018 ifup-ippp
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11893 8月 24 2018 ifup-ipv6
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 9 5月 23 19:58 ifup-isdn -> ifup-ippp
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 650 8月 24 2018 ifup-plip
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1064 8月 24 2018 ifup-plusb
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 4997 8月 24 2018 ifup-post
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 4154 8月 24 2018 ifup-ppp
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2001 8月 24 2018 ifup-routes
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 3303 8月 24 2018 ifup-sit
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1755 3月 18 2017 ifup-Team
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1876 3月 18 2017 ifup-TeamPort
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2711 8月 24 2018 ifup-tunnel
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1836 8月 24 2018 ifup-wireless
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 5419 8月 24 2018 init.ipv6-global
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 20671 8月 24 2018 network-functions
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 31027 8月 24 2018 network-functions-ipv6
网卡的配置文件在ifcfg-ens33
[root@localhost network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-ens33
TYPE=Ethernet
PROXY_METHOD=none
BROWSER_ONLY=no
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
DEFROUTE=yes
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6INIT=yes
IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes
IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes
IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacy
NAME=ens33
UUID=b9592403-d0c6-40a3-bada-dc870e9f0774
DEVICE=ens33
ONBOOT=no
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33
TYPE=Ethernet
PROXY_METHOD=none
BROWSER_ONLY=no
BOOTPROTO=none
DEFROUTE=yes
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6INIT=yes
IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes
IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes
IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacy
NAME=ens33
UUID=9a718045-9427-4cac-8e9c-bb62516b443e
DEVICE=ens33
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=192.168.206.202
PREFIX=24
GATEWAY=192.168.206.254
DNS1=114.114.114.114
[root@localhost ~]#
说明
TYPE 类型以太网卡
BOOTPROTO dhcp自动获取 或者静态static
NAME 网卡名称
UUID号
DEVICE 和name一样
ONBOOT=yes 开机自启
IPADDR=192.168.245.101 写入ip地址
NETMASK=255.255.255.0 子网掩码
GATEWAY=192.168.245.2 网关
DNS1=114.114.114.114
DNS2 有的话就是备用
PREFIX=24 路由前缀 可以不写
2.主机名称配置文件
主机名配置文件位置 /etc/hostname
hostname 名称 修改主机名 bash立即生效
只是临时的，重启会失效
[root@localhost ~]# hostname xu //修改主机名
[root@localhost ~]# bash //立即生效
[root@xu ~]#
如果要修改主机名永久生效要写入配置文件
有两种方法
①vim /etc/hostname
②hostnamectl set-hostname xu
[root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname xu
[root@localhost ~]# bash
[root@xu ~]# cat /etc/hostname
xu
[root@xu ~]#
hostname -i 可以查看本机的IPV6的地址
echo $HOSTNAME 可以查看hostname的环境变量
[root@xu ~]# hostname -i
fe80::3339:805:9ff3:5382%ens33 192.168.206.128 192.168.122.1
[root@xu ~]# echo $HOSTNAME
localhost.localdomain
[root@xu ~]#
3.域名解析配置文件
/etc/resolv.conf记录本机默认使用的DNS服务器地址信息，对该文件所做的修改会立刻生效。
/etc/hosts 本地主机映射文件，记录主机与ip的映射关系。
4.hosts文件和DNS服务器的比较
默认情况下，系统首先从hosts文件查找解析记录
hosts文件只对当前的主机有效
hosts文件可减少DNS查询过程，从而加快访问速度
五.实例应用
将虚拟机模拟添加一块网卡并进行配置使得能够ping通本机
1.添加网卡
需要关闭网络管理服务和重启网络服务
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop NetworkManager
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart network
查询网卡是否添加成功
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
ether 00:0c:29:00:b0:8c txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 3547 bytes 333547 (325.7 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 1031 bytes 97322 (95.0 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
ens37: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.66.128 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.66.255
inet6 fe80::8a45:4cbd:660c:64fd prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:00:b0:96 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 3 bytes 746 (746.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 27 bytes 4561 (4.4 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 1492 bytes 129680 (126.6 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 1492 bytes 129680 (126.6 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.122.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255
ether 52:54:00:e4:fb:93 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
2.编辑网卡ens37的配置文件
vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens37
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart network
说明几个模式
桥接模式
相当于在网络中虚拟一个真实的主机，和我的主机共享一个网络，同一个网络当中的机器可以互相ping通虚拟机
仅主机模式
只能真机和虚拟机互通，或者虚拟机之间互通，不可以上网
NAT模式
可上网，虚拟机之间可互通，真机和虚拟机可互通，网络上的机器是ping不了虚拟机的
3.验证
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