二项式反演及其证明
感觉很常用,但是证明经常忘记
二项式反演的形式
如果 f n = ∑ i = 0 n ( − 1 ) i C n i g i f_n=\sum_{i=0}^{n}(-1)^iC_n^ig_i fn=∑i=0n(−1)iCnigi,那么 g n = ∑ i = 1 n ( − 1 ) i C n i f i g_n=\sum_{i=1}^n(-1)^iC_n^if_i gn=∑i=1n(−1)iCnifi
也可以表达成更常用的形式
如果 f n = ∑ i = 0 n C n i g i f_n=\sum_{i=0}^{n}C_n^ig_i fn=∑i=0nCnigi,那么 g n = ∑ i = 1 n ( − 1 ) n − i C n i f i g_n=\sum_{i=1}^n(-1)^{n-i}C_n^if_i gn=∑i=1n(−1)n−iCnifi
证明
证明第一个柿子
f n = ∑ i = 0 n ( − 1 ) i C n i g i f_n=\sum_{i=0}^{n}(-1)^iC_n^ig_i fn=i=0∑n(−1)iCnigi
= ∑ i = 0 n ( − 1 ) i C n i ∑ j = 0 i ( − 1 ) j C i j f j =\sum_{i=0}^n(-1)^iC_n^i\sum_{j=0}^i(-1)^jC_i^jf_j =i=0∑n(−1)iCnij=0∑i(−1)jCijfj
即
∀ b ≤ a , ∑ i = b a ( − 1 ) i C a i × ( − 1 ) b C i b = [ a = b ] \forall b\leq a,\sum_{i=b}^a(-1)^iC_a^i\times(-1)^bC_i^b=[a=b] ∀b≤a,i=b∑a(−1)iCai×(−1)bCib=[a=b]
∑ i = b a ( − 1 ) i + b C a i C i b \sum_{i=b}^a(-1)^{i+b}C_a^iC_i^b i=b∑a(−1)i+bCaiCib
= ∑ i = b a ( − 1 ) i + b C a b C a − b a − i =\sum_{i=b}^a(-1)^{i+b}C_a^bC_{a-b}^{a-i} =i=b∑a(−1)i+bCabCa−ba−i
= C a b ( − 1 ) b ∑ i = b a ( − 1 ) i × C a − b a − i =C_a^b(-1)^b\sum_{i=b}^a(-1)^i\times C_{a-b}^{a-i} =Cab(−1)bi=b∑a(−1)i×Ca−ba−i
= C a b ( − 1 ) b ∑ i = 0 a − b ( − 1 ) a − b × C a − b i =C_a^b(-1)^b\sum_{i=0}^{a-b}(-1)^{a-b}\times C_{a-b}^i =Cab(−1)bi=0∑a−b(−1)a−b×Ca−bi
根据二项式定理,后面一坨东西等于 ( 1 − 1 ) a − b (1-1)^{a-b} (1−1)a−b
= C a b ( − 1 ) b × 0 a − b =C_a^b(-1)^b\times 0^{a-b} =Cab(−1)b×0a−b
= [ a = b ] =[a=b] =[a=b]
(暂且认为 0 0 = 1 0^0=1 00=1吧)
所以得证