// chapter 01
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int dogs;
printf("How many dogs do you have?/n");
scanf("%d", &dogs);
printf("So you have %d dog(s)!/n", dogs);
return 0;
}
*/
//
//
//chapter 02
// fathm_ft.c -- converts 2 fathoms to feet
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int feet, fathoms;
fathoms = 2;
feet = 6 * fathoms;
printf("There are %d feet in %d fathoms!/n", feet, fathoms);
printf("Yes, I said %d feet!/n", 6 * fathoms);
return 0;
}
*/
//
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void) // a simple program
{
int num; // define a variable called num
num = 1; // assign a value to num
printf("I am a simple "); // use the printf() function
printf("computer./n");
printf("My favorite number is %d because it is first./n",num);
return 0;
}*/
//
// two_func.c -- a program using two functions in one file
/*
#include <stdio.h>
void butler(void); // ISO/ANSI C function prototyping
int main(void)
{
printf("I will summon the butler function./n");
butler();
printf("Yes. Bring me some tea and writeable CD-ROMS./n");
return 0;
}
void butler(void) // start of function definition
{
printf("You rang, sir?/n");
}
*/
//
//
//chapter 03 数据和C
/*
// altnames.c -- portable names for integer types
#include <stdio.h>
#include <inttypes.h> // supports portable types the system doesn't contain the header file
int main(void)
{
int16_t me16; // me16 a 16-bit signed variable
me16 = 4593;
printf("First, assume int16_t is short: ");
printf("me16 = %hd/n", me16);
printf("Next, let's not make any assumptions./n");
printf("Instead, use a /"macro/" from inttypes.h: ");
printf("me16 = %" PRId16 "/n", me16);
return 0;
}
*/
//
/*
// bases.c--prints 100 in decimal, octal, and hex
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int x = 100;
printf("dec = %d; octal = %o; hex = %x/n", x, x, x);
printf("dec = %d; octal = %#o; hex = %#x/n", x, x, x);
//%# 十六进制前显示 Ox // 八进制数前显示o
return 0;
}
*/
//
/*
// charcode.c-displays code number for a character
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char ch;
printf("Please enter a character./n");
scanf("%c", &ch);
printf("The code for %c is %d./n", ch, ch);
return 0;
}
*/
//
/*
//print1.c-displays some properties of printf()
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int ten = 10;
int two = 2;
printf("Doing it right: ");
printf("%d minus %d is %d/n", ten, 2, ten - two );
printf("Doing it wrong: ");
printf("%d minus %d is %d/n", ten ); // forgot 2 arguments
return 0;
}
*/
//
/* print2.c-more printf() properties */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
unsigned int un = 3000000000; // system with 32-bit int
short end = 200; // and 16-bit short
long big = 65537;
long verybig = 12345678908642;
//C 也可以使用前缀h 来表示short 类型。
// 因此%hd 显示一个十进制的short 整型。%ho 为八进制形式。
printf("un = %u and not %d/n", un, un);
printf("end = %hd and %d/n", end, end);
printf("big = %ld and not %hd/n", big, big);
printf("verybig= %lld and not %ld/n", verybig, verybig);
return 0;
}
*/
//
/* showf_pt.c -- displays float value in two ways */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
float aboat = 32000.0;
double abet = 2.14e9;
long double dip = 5.32e-5;
printf("%f can be written %e/n", aboat, aboat);
printf("%f can be written %e/n", abet, abet);
printf("%f can be written %e/n", dip, dip);
return 0;
}
*/
//
/* toobig.c-exceeds maximum int size on our system */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int i = 2147483647;
unsigned int j = 4294967295;
printf("%d %d %d/n", i, i+1, i+2);
printf("%u %u %u/n", j, j+1, j+2);
return 0;
}
*/
//
/* typesize.c -- prints out type sizes */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
// c99 provides a %zd specifier for sizes
printf("Type int has a size of %u bytes./n", sizeof(int)); //4 bytes
printf("Type char has a size of %u bytes./n", sizeof(char));// 1 bytes
printf("Type long has a size of %u bytes./n", sizeof(long));//4 bytes
printf("Type double has a size of %u bytes./n", sizeof(double));//8 bytes
return 0;
}
*/
//
//
// chapter04 字符串的格式化输入/ 输出
// defines.c -- uses defined constants from limit.h and float. // this is useful ,you can know some limits of the system
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#include <limits.h> // integer limits
#include <float.h> // floating-point limits
int main(void)
{
printf("Some number limits for this system:/n");
printf("Biggest int: %d/n", INT_MAX);
printf("Smallest long long: %lld/n", LONG_MIN);
printf("One byte = %d bits on this system./n", CHAR_BIT);
printf("Largest double: %e/n", DBL_MAX);
printf("Smallest normal float: %e/n", FLT_MIN);
printf("float precision = %d digits/n", FLT_DIG);
printf("float epsilon = %e/n", FLT_EPSILON);
return 0;
}
*/
//
/* flags.c -- illustrates some formatting flags */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("%x %X %#x/n", 31, 31, 31);
printf("**%d**% d**% d**/n", 42, 42, -42);
printf("**%5d**%5.3d**%05d**%05.3d**/n", 6, 6, 6, 6);
return 0;
}
*/
//
/* floatcnv.c -- mismatched floating-point conversions */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
float n1 = 3.0;
double n2 = 3.0;
long n3 = 2000000000;
long n4 = 1234567890;
printf("%.1e %.1e %.1e %.1e/n", n1, n2, n3, n4);
printf("%ld %ld/n", n3, n4);
printf("%ld %ld %ld %ld/n", n1, n2, n3, n4);
return 0;
}
*/
//
// floats.c -- some floating-point combinations
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
const double RENT = 3852.99; // const-style constant
printf("*%f*/n", RENT);
printf("*%e*/n", RENT);
printf("*%4.2f*/n", RENT);
printf("*%3.1f*/n", RENT); //take care here
printf("*%10.3f*/n", RENT);
printf("*%10.3e*/n", RENT);
printf("*%+4.2f*/n", RENT);
printf("*%010.2f*/n", RENT);
return 0;
}
*/
//
/* intconv.c -- some mismatched integer conversions */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define PAGES 336
#define WORDS 65618
int main(void)
{
short num = PAGES;
short mnum = -PAGES;
printf("num as short and unsigned short: %hd %hu/n", num,
num);
printf("-num as short and unsigned short: %hd %hu/n", mnum,
mnum);
printf("num as int and char: %d %c/n", num, num);
printf("WORDS as int, short, and char: %d %hd %c/n",
WORDS, WORDS, WORDS);
return 0;
}
*/
/
/* longstrg.c -- printing long strings */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void) //take care of this program
{
printf("Here's one way to print a ");
printf("long string./n");
printf("Here's another way to print a /
long string./n");
printf("Here's the newest way to print a "
"long string./n"); // ANSI C
return 0;
}
*/
/
/* praise1.c -- uses an assortment of strings */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define PRAISE "What a super marvelous name!"
int main(void)
{
char name[40];
printf("What's your name?/n");
scanf("%s", name);
printf("Hello, %s. %s/n", name, PRAISE);
printf("Hello, %s. %s/n", name, "very good"); //take care of here
return 0;
}
*/
/
/* praise2.c */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h> // provides strlen() prototype
#define PRAISE "What a super marvelous name!"
int main(void)
{
char name[40];
printf("What's your name?/n");
scanf("%s", name);
printf("Hello, %s. %s/n", name, PRAISE);
printf("Your name of %d letters occupies %d memory cells./n",
strlen(name), sizeof name);
printf("The phrase of praise has %d letters ",
strlen(PRAISE));
printf("and occupies %d memory cells./n", sizeof PRAISE);
return 0;
}
*/
/
/* printout.c -- uses conversion specifiers */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define PI 3.141593
int main(void)
{
int number = 5;
float espresso = 13.5;
int cost = 3100;
printf("The %d CEOs drank %f cups of espresso./n", number,
espresso);
printf("The value of pi is %f./n", PI);
printf("Farewell! thou art too dear for my possessing,/n");
printf("%c%d/n", '$', 2 * cost);
return 0;
}
*/
/
/* prntval.c -- finding printf()'s return value */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int bph2o = 212;
int rv;
rv = printf("%d F is water's boiling point./n", bph2o);
printf("The printf() function printed %d characters./n", // finding printf()'s return value== how many characters printed
rv);
return 0;
}
*/
/
/* skip2.c -- skips over first two integers of input */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int n;
printf("Please enter three integers:/n");
scanf("%*d %*d %d", &n); //* means skip
printf("The last integer was %d/n", n);
return 0;
}
*/
/
/* strings.c -- string formatting */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define BLURB "Authentic imitation!"
int main(void)
{
printf("/%2s//n", BLURB); // still don't understand clearly
printf("/%24s//n", BLURB);
printf("/%24.5s//n", BLURB);
printf("/%-24.5s//n", BLURB);
return 0;
}
*/
//
/* varwid.c -- uses variable-width output field */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
unsigned width, precision;
int number = 256;
double weight = 242.5;
printf("What field width?/n");
scanf("%d", &width);
printf("The number is :%*d:/n", width, number);
printf("Now enter a width and a precision:/n"); // still don't understand clearly
scanf("%d %d", &width, &precision);
printf("Weight = %*.*f/n", width, precision, weight); //%*.*f %24.5s what does is mean?
printf("Done!/n");
return 0;
}
*/
//
/* width.c -- field widths */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define PAGES 931
int main(void)
{
printf("*%d*/n", PAGES); // still will print 931
printf("*%2d*/n", PAGES); // still will print 931
printf("*%10d*/n", PAGES);
printf("*%-10d*/n", PAGES);
return 0;
}
*/
//
/
//chapter 05 运算符、表达式和语句
/* add_one.c -- incrementing: prefix and postfix */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int ultra = 0, super = 0;
while (super < 5)
{
super++;
++ultra;
printf("super = %d, ultra = %d /n", super, ultra);
}
return 0;
}
*/
///
/* addemup.c -- four kinds of statements */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void) // finds sum of first 20 integers
{
int count, sum;
int num=0;
count = 0;
sum = 0;
while (count++ < 20) // you should take care of
{
num++;
sum = sum + count;
printf("count= %d sum = %d/n",count, sum);
}
printf(" the time of loop is %d/n",num);
return 0;
}
*/
//
/* bottles.c -- counting down */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX 10
int main(void)
{
int count = MAX + 1;
while (--count > 0) {
printf("%d bottles of spring water on the wall, "
"%d bottles of spring water!/n", count, count);
printf("Take one down and pass it around,/n");
printf("%d bottles of spring water!/n/n", count - 1);
}
return 0;
}
*/
//
/* shoes1.c -- converts a shoe size to inches */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define ADJUST 7.64
#define SCALE 0.325
int main(void)
{
double shoe, foot;
shoe = 9.0;
foot = SCALE * shoe + ADJUST;
printf("Shoe size (men's) foot length/n");
printf("%10.1f %15.2f inches/n", shoe, foot);
return 0;
}
*/
///
/* shoes2.c -- calculates foot lengths for several sizes */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define ADJUST 7.64
#define SCALE 0.325
int main(void)
{
double shoe, foot;
printf("Shoe size (men's) foot length/n");
shoe = 3.0;
while (shoe < 18.5)
{
foot = SCALE*shoe + ADJUST;
printf("%10.1f %15.2f inches/n", shoe, foot);
shoe = shoe + 1.0;
}
printf("If the shoe fits, wear it./n");
return 0;
}*/
//
/* golf.c -- golf tournament scorecard */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int jane, tarzan, cheeta;
cheeta = tarzan = jane = 68;
printf(" cheeta tarzan jane/n");
printf("First round score %4d %8d %8d/n",cheeta,tarzan,jane);
return 0;
}
*/
///
/* squares.c -- produces a table of first 20 squares */
/* // have fun ,you can learn much
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int num = 1;
while (num < 21)
{
printf("%4d %6d/n", num, num * num);
num = num + 1;
}
return 0;
}
*/
///
/* wheat.c -- exponential growth */
/* // 棋盘赠大米，国王傻眼啦
#include <stdio.h>
#define SQUARES 64 // squares on a checkerboard
#define CROP 1E15 // US wheat crop in grains
int main(void)
{
double current, total;
int count = 1;
printf("square grains total ");
printf("fraction of /n");
printf(" added grains ");
printf("US total/n");
total = current = 1.0; // start with one grain
printf("%4d %13.2e %12.2e %12.2e/n", count, current,
total, total/CROP);
while (count < SQUARES)
{
count = count + 1;
current = 2.0 * current;
// double grains on next square
total = total + current; // update total
printf("%4d %13.2e %12.2e %12.2e/n", count, current,
total, total/CROP);
}
printf("That's all./n");
return 0;
}
*/
///
/* divide.c -- divisions we have known */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("integer division: 5/4 is %d /n", 5/4);
printf("integer division: 6/3 is %d /n", 6/3);
printf("integer division: 7/4 is %d /n", 7/4);
printf("integer division: 7/-4 is %d /n", 7/-4);//print -1
printf("integer division: -7/4 is %d /n", -7/4);//print -1
printf("floating division: 7./4. is %1.2f /n", 7./4.);
printf("mixed division: 7./4 is %1.2f /n", 7./4);
printf("mixed division: -7./4 is %1.2f /n", -7./4); // print -1.75
printf("mixed division: 7./-4 is %1.2f /n", 7./-4); //print -1.75
printf("mixed division: -7./-4 is %1.2f /n", -7./-4);
return 0;
}
*/
///
// sizeof.c -- uses sizeof operator
// uses C99 %z modifier -- try %u or %lu if you lack %zd //%z don't work
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int n = 0;
size_t intsize;
intsize = sizeof (int);
printf("n = %d, n has %u bytes; all ints have %u bytes./n",
n, sizeof n, intsize );
return 0;
}
*/
///
/* post_pre.c -- postfix vs prefix */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int a = 1, b = 1;
int aplus, plusb;
aplus = a++;
plusb = ++b;
printf("a aplus b plusb /n");
printf("%1d %5d %5d %5d/n", a, aplus, b, plusb); // 2 1 2 2
return 0;
}
*/
///
/* convert.c -- automatic type conversions */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char ch;
int i;
float fl;
fl = i = ch = 'C';
printf("ch = %c, i = %d, fl = %2.2f/n", ch, i, fl);
ch = ch + 1;
i = fl + 2 * ch;
fl = 2.0 * ch + i;
printf("ch = %c, i = %d, fl = %2.2f/n", ch, i, fl);
ch = 5212205.17; // print - still confused
printf("Now ch = %c/n", ch);
return 0;
}*/
///
/* pound.c -- defines a function with an argument */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
void pound(int n);
int main(void)
{
int times = 5;
char ch = '!'; // ASCII code is 33
float f = 6.0;
pound(times);
pound(ch); // char automatically -> int
pound((int) f); // cast forces f -> int
return 0;
}
void pound(int n)
{
while (n-- > 0)
printf("#");
printf("/n");
}
*/
///
///
// chapter 06 C 控制语句：循环
/* summing.c -- sums integers entered interactively */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
long num;
long sum = 0L;
int status;
printf("Please enter an integer to be summed ");
printf("(q to quit): ");
status = scanf("%ld", &num);
while (status == 1) // == means "is equal to"
{
sum = sum + num;
printf("Please enter next integer (q to quit): ");
status = scanf("%ld", &num);
}
printf("Those integers sum to %ld./n", sum);
return 0;
}
*/
///
/* t_and_f.c -- true and false values in C */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int true_val, false_val;
true_val = (10 > 2);
false_val = (10 == 2);
printf("true = %d; false = %d /n", true_val, false_val);
return 0;
}
*/
///
// boolean.c -- using a _Bool variable
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
long num;
long sum = 0L;
int input_is_good;
printf("Please enter an integer to be summed ");
printf("(q to quit): ");
input_is_good = (scanf("%ld", &num) == 1);
while (input_is_good)
{
sum = sum + num;
printf("Please enter next integer (q to quit): ");
input_is_good = (scanf("%ld", &num) == 1);
}
printf("Those integers sum to %ld./n", sum);
return 0;
}
*/
///
// sweetie1.c -- a counting loop
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
const int NUMBER = 22;
int count = 1; // initialization
while (count <= NUMBER) // test
{
printf("Be my Valentine!/n"); // action
count++;
}
printf(" the time of loop is %d/n",--count);
return 0;
}
*/
///
// sweetie2.c -- a counting loop using for
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
const int NUMBER = 22;
int count;
for (count = 1; count <= NUMBER; count++)
printf("Be my Valentine!/n");
printf(" the time of loop is %d/n",--count);
return 0;
}
*/
///
/* rows1.c -- uses nested loops */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define ROWS 6
#define CHARS 10
int main(void)
{
int row;
char ch;
for (row = 0; row < ROWS; row++)
{
for (ch = 'A'; ch < ('A' + CHARS); ch++)
printf("%c", ch);
printf("/n");
}
return 0;
}
*/
///
// rows2.c -- using dependent nested loops
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
const int ROWS = 6;
const int CHARS = 6;
int row;
char ch;
for (row = 0; row < ROWS; row++)
{
for (ch = ('A' + row); ch < ('A' + CHARS); ch++)
printf("%c", ch);
printf("/n");
}
return 0;
}
*/
///
// scores_in.c -- uses loops for array processing
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 10
#define PAR 72
int main(void)
{
int index, score[SIZE];
int sum = 0;
float average;
printf("Enter %d golf scores:/n", SIZE);
for (index = 0; index < SIZE; index++)
scanf("%d", &score[index]); // read in the ten scores
printf("The scores read in are as follows:/n");
for (index = 0; index < SIZE; index++)
printf("%5d", score[index]); // verify input
printf("/n");
for (index = 0; index < SIZE; index++)
sum += score[index]; // add them up
average = (float) sum / SIZE; // time-honored method
printf("Sum of scores = %d, average = %.2f/n", sum, average);
printf("That's a handicap of %.0f./n", average - PAR);
return 0;
}
*/
///
// an answer to the question 16 at page 151
/*
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int year=0;
double f;
for(f=100;f>0;f=f-10)
{
printf("at the year %d , the money you have is %g /n",year,f);
f=f+f*0.08;
year++;
}
printf("at the year %d/n",year);
printf("you have no money now!/n");
}
*/
///
///
//chapter 07 C 控制语句：分支与跳转
// colddays.c -- finds percentage of days below freezing
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
const int FREEZING = 0;
float temperature;
int cold_days = 0;
int all_days = 0;
printf("Enter the list of daily low temperatures./n");
printf("Use Celsius, and enter q to quit./n");
while (scanf("%f", &temperature) == 1)
{
all_days++;
if (temperature < FREEZING)
cold_days++;
}
if (all_days != 0)
printf("%d days total: %.1f%% were below freezing./n",
all_days, 100.0 * (float) cold_days / all_days);
if (all_days == 0)
printf("No data entered!/n");
return 0;
}
*/
///
/* cypher1.c -- alters input, preserving spaces */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define SPACE ' ' // that's quote-space-quote
int main(void)
{
char ch;
ch = getchar();
while (ch != '/n') //* while not end of line
{
if (ch == SPACE) //* leave the space
putchar(ch); //* character unchanged
else
putchar(ch + 1); //* change other characters
ch = getchar();
}
putchar(ch);
return 0;
}
*/
///
// cypher2.c -- alters input, preserving non-letters
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h> // for isalpha()
int main(void)
{
char ch;
while ((ch = getchar()) != '/n')
{
if (isalpha(ch)) // if a letter,
putchar(ch + 1); // change it
else // otherwise,
putchar(ch); // print as is
}
putchar(ch); // print the newline
return 0;
}
*/
///
// chcount.c -- use the logical AND operator
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define PERIOD '.'
int main(void)
{
int ch;
int charcount = 0;
while ((ch = getchar()) != PERIOD)
{
if (ch != '"' && ch != '/'')
charcount++;
}
printf("There are %d non-quote characters./n", charcount);
return 0;
}
*/
//
// wordcnt.c -- counts characters, words, lines
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h> // for isspace()
#define STOP '|'
#define false 0
#define true 1
int main(void)
{
char c; // read in character
char prev; // previous character read
long n_chars = 0L; // number of characters
int n_lines = 0; // number of lines
int n_words = 0; // number of words
int p_lines = 0; // number of partial lines
int inword = false; // == true if c is in a word
printf("Enter text to be analyzed (| to terminate):/n");
prev = '/n'; // used to identify complete lines
while ((c = getchar()) != STOP)
{
n_chars++; // count characters
if (c == '/n')
n_lines++; // count lines
if (!isspace(c) && !inword)
{
inword = true; // starting a new word
n_words++; // count word
}
if (isspace(c) && inword)
inword = false; // reached end of word
prev = c; // save character value
}
if (prev != '/n')
p_lines = 1;
printf("characters = %ld, words = %d, lines = %d, ",
n_chars, n_words, n_lines);
printf("partial lines = %d/n", p_lines);
return 0;
}
*/
/
/* paint.c -- uses conditional operator */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define COVERAGE 200 // square feet per paint can
int main(void)
{
int sq_feet;
int cans;
printf("Enter number of square feet to be painted:/n");
while (scanf("%d", &sq_feet) == 1)
{
cans = sq_feet / COVERAGE;
cans += (sq_feet % COVERAGE == 0) ? 0 : 1;
printf("You need %d %s of paint./n", cans,
cans == 1 ? "can" : "cans");
printf("Enter next value (q to quit):/n");
}
return 0;
}
*/
//
///
//chapter 08 字符输入/ 输出和输入确认
/* echo.c -- repeats input */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char ch;
while ((ch = getchar()) != '#')
putchar(ch);
printf("/n");
return 0;
}
*/
//
/* echo_eof.c -- repeats input to end of file */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int ch;
while ((ch = getchar()) != EOF) //now you know how to end the program
putchar(ch);
return 0;
}
*/
//
// file_eof.c --open a file and display it
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h> // for exit()
int main()
{
int ch;
FILE * fp;
char fname[50]; // to hold the file name
printf("Enter the name of the file: ");
scanf("%s", fname);
fp = fopen(fname, "r"); // open file for reading
if (fp == NULL) // attempt failed
{
printf("Failed to open file. Bye/n");
exit(1); // quit program
}
// getc(fp) gets a character from the open file
while ((ch = getc(fp)) != EOF)
putchar(ch);
fclose(fp); // close the file
printf("/n");
return 0;
}
*/
//
/* showchar2.c -- prints characters in rows and columns */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
void display(char cr, int lines, int width);
int main(void)
{
int ch; // character to be printed
int rows, cols; // number of rows and columns
printf("Enter a character and two integers:/n");
while ((ch = getchar()) != '/n')
{
if (scanf("%d %d",&rows, &cols) != 2)
break;
display(ch, rows, cols);
while (getchar() != '/n')
continue;
printf("Enter another character and two integers;/n");
printf("Enter a newline to quit./n");
}
printf("Bye./n");
return 0;
}
void display(char cr, int lines, int width)
{
int row, col;
for (row = 1; row <= lines; row++)
{
for (col = 1; col <= width; col++)
putchar(cr);
putchar('/n');
}
}
*/
//
/* checking.c -- validating input */
/*
#define true 1
#define false 0
#include <stdio.h>
// validate that input is an integer
int get_int(void);
// validate that range limits are valid
int bad_limits(int begin, int end, int low, int high);
// calculate the sum of the squares of the integers
// a through b
double sum_squares(int a, int b);
int main(void)
{
const int MIN = -1000; // lower limit to range
const int MAX = +1000; // upper limit to range
int start; // start of range
int stop; // end of range
double answer;
printf("This program computes the sum of the squares of "
"integers in a range./nThe lower bound should not "
"be less than -1000 and/nthe upper bound should not "
"be more than +1000./nEnter the limits (enter 0 for "
"both limits to quit):/nlower limit: ");
start = get_int();
printf("upper limit: ");
stop = get_int();
while (start !=0 || stop != 0)
{
if (bad_limits(start, stop, MIN, MAX))
printf("Please try again./n");
else
{
answer = sum_squares(start, stop);
printf("The sum of the squares of the integers ");
printf("from %d to %d is %g/n", start, stop, answer);
}
printf("Enter the limits (enter 0 for both "
"limits to quit):/n");
printf("lower limit: ");
start = get_int();
printf("upper limit: ");
stop = get_int();
}
printf("Done./n");
return 0;
}
int get_int(void)
{
int input;
char ch;
while (scanf("%d", &input) != 1)
{
while ((ch = getchar()) != '/n')
putchar(ch); // dispose of bad input // this function is very well,you know .
printf(" is not an integer./nPlease enter an ");
printf("integer value, such as 25, -178, or 3: ");
}
return input;
}
double sum_squares(int a, int b)
{
double total = 0;
int i;
for (i = a; i <= b; i++)
total += i * i;
return total;
}
int bad_limits(int begin, int end, int low, int high)
{
int not_good = false;
if (begin > end)
{
printf("%d isn't smaller than %d./n", begin, end);
not_good = true;
}
if (begin < low || end < low)
{
printf("Values must be %d or greater./n", low);
not_good = true;
}
if (begin > high || end > high)
{
printf("Values must be %d or less./n", high);
not_good = true;
}
return not_good;
}
*/
//
/* menuette.c -- menu techniques */
/* // 小心空格的作用，假如在q 之前输入空格的话，要小心。
#include <stdio.h>
char get_choice(void);
char get_first(void);
int get_int(void);
void count(void);
int main(void)
{
int choice;
void count(void);
while ( (choice = get_choice()) != 'q')
{
switch (choice)
{
case 'a' : printf("Buy low, sell high./n");
break;
case 'b' : putchar('/a'); // ANSI
break;
case 'c' : count();
break;
default : printf("Program error!/n");
break;
}
}
printf("Bye./n");
return 0;
}
void count(void)
{
int n,i;
printf("Count how far? Enter an integer:/n");
n = get_int();
for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)
printf("%d/n", i);
while ( getchar() != '/n')
continue;
}
char get_choice(void)
{
int ch;
printf("Enter the letter of your choice:/n");
printf("a. advice b. bell/n");
printf("c. count q. quit/n");
ch = get_first();
while ( (ch < 'a' || ch > 'c') && ch != 'q')
{
printf("Please respond with a, b, c, or q./n");
ch = get_first();
}
return ch;
}
char get_first(void)
{
int ch;
ch = getchar();
while (getchar() != '/n')
continue;
return ch;
}
int get_int(void)
{
int input;
char ch;
while (scanf("%d", &input) != 1)
{
while ((ch = getchar()) != '/n')
putchar(ch); // dispose of bad input
printf(" is not an integer./nPlease enter an ");
printf("integer value, such as 25, -178, or 3: ");
}
return input;
}
*/
//
/
// chapter 09 函数
/* lesser.c -- finds the lesser of two evils */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int imin(int, int);
int main(void)
{
int evil1, evil2;
printf("Enter a pair of integers (q to quit):/n");
while (scanf("%d %d", &evil1, &evil2) == 2)
{
printf("The lesser of %d and %d is %d./n",
evil1, evil2, imin(evil1,evil2));
printf("Enter a pair of integers (q to quit):/n");
}
printf("Bye./n");
return 0;
}
int imin(int n,int m)
{
int min;
if (n < m)
min = n;
else
min = m;
return min;
}
*/
/* recur.c -- recursion illustration */
/* // don't understand how it works
#include <stdio.h>
void up_and_down(int);
int main(void)
{
up_and_down(1);
return 0;
}
void up_and_down(int n)
{
printf("Level %d: n location %p/n", n, &n);
if (n < 4)
up_and_down(n+1);
printf("LEVEL %d: n location %p/n", n, &n);
}
*/
//
/* binary.c -- prints integer in binary form */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
void to_binary(unsigned long n);
int main(void)
{
unsigned long number;
printf("Enter an integer (q to quit):/n");
while (scanf("%ul", &number) == 1)
{
printf("Binary equivalent: ");
to_binary(number);
putchar('/n');
printf("Enter an integer (q to quit):/n");
}
printf("Done./n");
return 0;
}
void to_binary(unsigned long n) //* recursive function
{
int r;
r = n % 2;
if (n >= 2)
to_binary(n / 2);
putchar('0' + r);
return;
}
*/
//
//
//chapter 10 数组和指针
/* some_data.c -- partially initialized array */ // 未赋值的元素被初始化为0
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 4
int main(void)
{
int some_data[SIZE] = {1492, 1066};
int i;
printf("%2s%14s/n",
"i", "some_data[i]");
for (i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
printf("%2d%14d/n", i, some_data[i]);
return 0;
}
*/
//
// designate.c -- use designated initializers
/* //here has some problem ,you should take care ,it doesn't cordinate with the textbook
#include <stdio.h>
#define MONTHS 12
int main(void)
{
int days[MONTHS] = {31,28,days[4] = 28,30,31, days[1]= 29};
int i;
for (i = 0; i < MONTHS; i++)
printf("%2d %d/n", i + 1, days[i]);
return 0;
}
*/
//
// bounds.c -- exceed the bounds of an array
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 4
int main(void)
{
int value1 = 44;
int arr[SIZE];
int value2 = 88;
int i;
printf("value1 = %d, value2 = %d/n", value1, value2);
for (i = -1; i <= SIZE; i++)
arr[i] = 2 * i + 1;
for (i = -1; i < 7; i++)
printf("%2d %d/n", i , arr[i]);
printf("value1 = %d, value2 = %d/n", value1, value2);
return 0;
}
*/
/* rain.c -- finds yearly totals, yearly average, and monthly
average for several years of rainfall data */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define MONTHS 12 // number of months in a year
#define YEARS 5 // number of years of data
int main(void)
{
// initializing rainfall data for 2000 - 2004
const float rain[YEARS][MONTHS] =
{
{4.3,4.3,4.3,3.0,2.0,1.2,0.2,0.2,0.4,2.4,3.5,6.6},
{8.5,8.2,1.2,1.6,2.4,0.0,5.2,0.9,0.3,0.9,1.4,7.3},
{9.1,8.5,6.7,4.3,2.1,0.8,0.2,0.2,1.1,2.3,6.1,8.4},
{7.2,9.9,8.4,3.3,1.2,0.8,0.4,0.0,0.6,1.7,4.3,6.2},
{7.6,5.6,3.8,2.8,3.8,0.2,0.0,0.0,0.0,1.3,2.6,5.2}
};
int year, month;
float subtot, total;
printf(" YEAR RAINFALL (inches)/n");
for (year = 0, total = 0; year < YEARS; year++)
{ // for each year, sum rainfall for each month
for (month = 0, subtot = 0; month < MONTHS; month++)
subtot += rain[year][month];
printf("%5d %15.1f/n", 2000 + year, subtot);
total += subtot; // total for all years
}
printf("/nThe yearly average is %.1f inches./n/n",
total/YEARS);
printf("MONTHLY AVERAGES:/n/n");
printf(" Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct ");
printf(" Nov Dec/n");
for (month = 0; month < MONTHS; month++)
{ // for each month, sum rainfall over years
for (year = 0, subtot =0; year < YEARS; year++)
subtot += rain[year][month];
printf("%4.1f ", subtot/YEARS);
}
printf("/n");
return 0;
}
*/
//
/*
// pnt_add.c -- pointer addition
#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 4
int main(void)
{
short dates [SIZE];
short * pti;
short index;
double bills[SIZE];
double * ptf;
pti = dates; // assign address of array to pointer
ptf = bills;
printf("%23s %10s/n", "short", "double");
for (index = 0; index < SIZE; index ++)
printf("pointers + %d: %10p %10p/n",
index, pti + index, ptf + index);
return 0;
}
*/
//
/* day_mon3.c -- uses pointer notation */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define MONTHS 12
int main(void)
{
int days[MONTHS] = {31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31};
int index;
for (index = 0; index < MONTHS; index++)
printf("Month %2d has %d days./n", index +1,
*(days + index)); // same as days[index]
return 0;
}
*/
//
// sum_arr1.c -- sums the elements of an array
// use %u or %lu if %zd doesn't work
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 10
int sum(int ar[], int n);
int main(void)
{
int marbles[SIZE] = {20,10,5,39,4,16,19,26,31,20};
long answer;
answer = sum(marbles, SIZE);
printf("The total number of marbles is %ld./n", answer);
printf("The size of marbles is %u bytes./n",
sizeof marbles);
return 0;
}
int sum(int ar[], int n) // how big an array?
{
int i;
int total = 0;
for( i = 0; i < n; i++)
total += ar[i];
printf("The size of ar is %u bytes./n", sizeof ar);
return total;
}
*/
//
/* sum_arr2.c -- sums the elements of an array */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 10
int sump(int * start, int * end);
int main(void)
{
int marbles[SIZE] = {20,10,5,39,4,16,19,26,31,20};
long answer;
answer = sump(marbles, marbles + SIZE);
printf("The total number of marbles is %ld./n", answer);
return 0;
}
// use pointer arithmetic
int sump(int * start, int * end)
{
int total = 0;
while (start < end)
{
total += *start;
start++;
}
return total;
}
*/
//
/* order.c -- precedence in pointer operations */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int data[2] = {100, 200};
int moredata[2] = {300, 400};
int main(void)
{
int * p1, * p2, * p3;
p1 = p2 = data;
p3 = moredata;
printf(" *p1 = %d, *p2 = %d, *p3 = %d/n",
*p1 , *p2 , *p3);
printf("*p1++ = %d, *++p2 = %d, (*p3)++ = %d/n",
*p1++ , *++p2 , (*p3)++);
printf(" *p1 = %d, *p2 = %d, *p3 = %d/n",
*p1 , *p2 , *p3);
return 0;
}
*/
//
/* arf.c -- array functions */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 5
void show_array(const double ar[], int n);
void mult_array(double ar[], int n, double mult);
int main(void)
{
double dip[SIZE] = {20.0, 17.66, 8.2, 15.3, 22.22};
printf("The original dip array:/n");
show_array(dip, SIZE);
mult_array(dip, SIZE, 2.5);
printf("The dip array after calling mult_array():/n");
show_array(dip, SIZE);
return 0;
}
void show_array(const double ar[], int n)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
printf("%8.3f ", ar[i]);
putchar('/n');
}
void mult_array(double ar[], int n, double mult)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
ar[i] *= mult;
}
*/
//
/* zippo1.c -- zippo info */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int zippo[4][2] = { {2,4}, {6,8}, {1,3}, {5, 7} };
printf(" zippo = %p, zippo + 1 = %p/n",
zippo, zippo + 1);
printf("zippo[0] = %p, zippo[0] + 1 = %p/n",
zippo[0], zippo[0] + 1);
printf(" *zippo = %p, *zippo + 1 = %p/n",
*zippo, *zippo + 1);
printf("zippo[0][0] = %d/n", zippo[0][0]);
printf(" *zippo[0] = %d/n", *zippo[0]);
printf(" **zippo = %d/n", **zippo);
printf(" zippo[2][1] = %d/n", zippo[2][1]);
printf("*(*(zippo+2) + 1) = %d/n", *(*(zippo+2) + 1));
return 0;
}
*/
//
/* zippo2.c -- zippo info via a pointer variable */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int zippo[4][2] = { {2,4}, {6,8}, {1,3}, {5, 7} };
int (*pz)[2];
pz = zippo;
printf(" pz = %p, pz + 1 = %p/n",
pz, pz + 1);
printf("pz[0] = %p, pz[0] + 1 = %p/n",
pz[0], pz[0] + 1);
printf(" *pz = %p, *pz + 1 = %p/n",
*pz, *pz + 1);
printf("pz[0][0] = %d/n", pz[0][0]);
printf(" *pz[0] = %d/n", *pz[0]);
printf(" **pz = %d/n", **pz);
printf(" pz[2][1] = %d/n", pz[2][1]);
printf("*(*(pz+2) + 1) = %d/n", *(*(pz+2) + 1));
return 0;
}
*/
/
/*
// array2d.c -- functions for 2d arrays
#include <stdio.h>
#define ROWS 3
#define COLS 4
void sum_rows(int ar[][COLS], int rows);
void sum_cols(int [][COLS], int ); // ok to omit names
int sum2d(int (*ar)[COLS], int rows); // another syntax
int main(void)
{
int junk[ROWS][COLS] = {
{2,4,6,8},
{3,5,7,9},
{12,10,8,6}
};
sum_rows(junk, ROWS);
sum_cols(junk, ROWS);
printf("Sum of all elements = %d/n", sum2d(junk, ROWS));
return 0;
}
void sum_rows(int ar[][COLS], int rows)
{
int r;
int c;
int tot;
for (r = 0; r < rows; r++)
{
tot = 0;
for (c = 0; c < COLS; c++)
tot += ar[r][c];
printf("row %d: sum = %d/n", r, tot);
}
}
void sum_cols(int ar[][COLS], int rows)
{
int r;
int c;
int tot;
for (c = 0; c < COLS; c++)
{
tot = 0;
for (r = 0; r < rows; r++)
tot += ar[r][c];
printf("col %d: sum = %d/n", c, tot);
}
}
int sum2d(int ar[][COLS], int rows)
{
int r;
int c;
int tot = 0;
for (r = 0; r < rows; r++)
for (c = 0; c < COLS; c++)
tot += ar[r][c];
return tot;
}
*/
//vararr2d.c -- functions using VLAs //vc6.0 不支持变长数组这个新特性
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define ROWS 3
#define COLS 4
int sum2d(int rows, int cols, int ar[rows][cols]);
int main(void)
{
int i, j;
int rs = 3;
int cs = 10;
int junk[ROWS][COLS] = {
{2,4,6,8},
{3,5,7,9},
{12,10,8,6}
};
int morejunk[ROWS-1][COLS+2] = {
{20,30,40,50,60,70},
{5,6,7,8,9,10}
};
int varr[rs][cs]; // VLA
for (i = 0; i < rs; i++)
for (j = 0; j < cs; j++)
varr[i][j] = i * j + j;
printf("3x5 array/n");
printf("Sum of all elements = %d/n",
sum2d(ROWS, COLS, junk));
printf("2x6 array/n");
printf("Sum of all elements = %d/n",
sum2d(ROWS-1, COLS+2, morejunk));
printf("3x10 VLA/n");
printf("Sum of all elements = %d/n",
sum2d(rs, cs, varr));
return 0;
}
// function with a VLA parameter
int sum2d(int rows, int cols, int ar[rows][cols])
{
int r;
int c;
int tot = 0;
for (r = 0; r < rows; r++)
for (c = 0; c < cols; c++)
tot += ar[r][c];
return tot;
}
*/
//
/*
// flc.c -- funny-looking constants
#include <stdio.h>
#define COLS 4
int sum2d(int ar[][COLS], int rows);
int sum(int ar[], int n);
int main(void)
{
int total1, total2, total3;
int * pt1;
int (*pt2)[COLS];
pt1 = (int [2]){10, 20}; // 此种表示方法是复合文字，这里不支持。
pt2 = (int [2][COLS]){ {1,2,3,-9}, {4,5,6,-8} };
total1 = sum(pt1, 2);
total2 = sum2d(pt2, 2);
total3 = sum((int []){4,4,4,5,5,5}, 6);
printf("total1 = %d/n", total1);
printf("total2 = %d/n", total2);
printf("total3 = %d/n", total3);
return 0;
}
int sum(int ar[], int n)
{
int i;
int total = 0;
for( i = 0; i < n; i++)
total += ar[i];
return total;
}
int sum2d(int ar[][COLS], int rows)
{
int r;
int c;
int tot = 0;
for (r = 0; r < rows; r++)
for (c = 0; c < COLS; c++)
tot += ar[r][c];
return tot;
}
*/
//
// strings.c -- stringing the user along
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define MSG "You must have many talents. Tell me some."
// a symbolic string constant
#define LIM 5
#define LINELEN 81 // maximum string length + 1
int main(void)
{
char name[LINELEN];
char talents[LINELEN];
int i;
// initializing a dimensioned
// char array
const char m1[40] = "Limit yourself to one line's worth.";
// letting the compiler compute the
// array size
const char m2[] = "If you can't think of anything, fake it.";
// initializing a pointer
const char *m3 = "/nEnough about me -- what's your name?";
// initializing an array of
// string pointers
const char *mytal[LIM] = { // array of 5 pointers
"Adding numbers swiftly",
"Multiplying accurately", "Stashing data",
"Following instructions to the letter",
"Understanding the C language"
};
printf("Hi! I'm Clyde the Computer."
" I have many talents./n");
printf("Let me tell you some of them./n");
puts("What were they? Ah, yes, here's a partial list.");
for (i = 0; i < LIM; i++)
puts(mytal[i]); // print list of computer talents
puts(m3);
gets(name);
printf("Well, %s, %s/n", name, MSG);
printf("%s/n%s/n", m1, m2);
gets(talents);
puts("Let's see if I've got that list:");
puts(talents);
printf("Thanks for the information, %s./n", name);
return 0;
}
*/
/
/* quotes.c -- strings as pointers */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("%s, %#p, %c/n", "We", "are", *"space farers");
return 0;
}
*/
///
/* p_and_s.c -- pointers and strings */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
const char * mesg = "Don't be a fool!";
const char * copy;
copy = mesg;
printf("%s/n", copy);
printf("mesg = %s; &mesg = %p; value = %p/n", //value 指针的值即该指针存放的地址 相等
mesg, &mesg, mesg);
printf("copy = %s; © = %p; value = %p/n", //just confused
copy, ©, copy);
return 0;
}
*/
/* name3.c -- reads a name using fgets() */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX 81
int main(void)
{
char name[MAX];
char * ptr;
printf("Hi, what's your name?/n");
ptr = fgets(name, MAX, stdin); //fgets() 将换行符存储到字符串中
printf("%s? Ah! %s!/n", name, ptr);
return 0;
}
*/
/* scan_str.c -- using scanf() */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char name1[11], name2[11];
int count;
printf("Please enter 2 names./n");
count = scanf("%5s %10s",name1, name2); //you should take care
printf("I read the %d names %s and %s./n",
count, name1, name2);
return 0;
}
*/
/
/* put_out.c -- using puts() */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define DEF "I am a #defined string."
int main(void)
{
char str1[80] = "An array was initialized to me.";
const char * str2 = "A pointer was initialized to me.";
puts("I'm an argument to puts().");
puts(DEF);
puts(str1);
puts(str2);
puts(&str1[5]);
puts(str2+4);
return 0;
}
*/
//
/*
//put_put.c -- user-defined output functions
#include <stdio.h>
void put1(const char *);
int put2(const char *);
int main(void)
{
put1("If I'd as much money");
put1(" as I could spend,/n");
printf("I count %d characters./n",
put2("I never would cry old chairs to mend.")); //take care of here
return 0;
}
void put1(const char * string)
{
while (*string) // same as *string != '/0'
putchar(*string++);
}
int put2(const char * string)
{
int count = 0;
while (*string)
{
putchar(*string++);
count++;
}
putchar('/n');
return(count);
}
*/
///
/* test_fit.c -- try the string-shrinking function */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h> // contains string function prototypes
void fit(char *, unsigned int);
int main(void)
{
char mesg[] = "Things should be as simple as possible,"
" but not simpler.";
puts(mesg);
fit(mesg,38);
puts(mesg);
puts("Let's look at some more of the string.");
puts(mesg + 39);
return 0;
}
void fit(char *string, unsigned int size)
{
if (strlen(string) > size)
*(string + size) = '/0';
}
*/
/* str_cat.c -- joins two strings */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define SIZE 80
int main(void)
{
char flower[SIZE];
char addon[] = "s smell like old shoes.";
puts("What is your favorite flower?");
gets(flower);
strcat(flower, addon);
puts(flower);
puts(addon);
return 0;
}
*/
//
/* join_chk.c -- joins two strings, check size first */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define SIZE 30
#define BUGSIZE 13
int main(void)
{
char flower[SIZE];
char addon[] = "s smell like old shoes.";
char bug[BUGSIZE];
int available;
puts("What is your favorite flower?");
gets(flower);
if ((strlen(addon) + strlen(flower) + 1) <= SIZE)
strcat(flower, addon);
puts(flower);
puts("What is your favorite bug?");
gets(bug);
available = BUGSIZE - strlen(bug) - 1;
printf("length of bug %d/n",strlen(bug));
printf(" length of available %d/n",available);
strncat(bug, addon, available); //have some problem here
puts(bug);
return 0;
}
*/
//
/* compare.c -- this will work */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define ANSWER "Grant"
#define MAX 40
int main(void)
{
char try[MAX];
puts("Who is buried in Grant's tomb?");
gets(try);
while (strcmp(try,ANSWER) != 0) //here is the critical
{
puts("No, that's wrong. Try again.");
gets(try);
}
puts("That's right!");
return 0;
}
*/
/
/* compback.c -- strcmp returns */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("strcmp(/"A/", /"A/") is ");
printf("%d/n", strcmp("A", "A"));
printf("strcmp(/"A/", /"B/") is ");
printf("%d/n", strcmp("A", "B"));
printf("strcmp(/"B/", /"A/") is ");
printf("%d/n", strcmp("B", "A"));
printf("strcmp(/"C/", /"A/") is ");
printf("%d/n", strcmp("C", "A"));
printf("strcmp(/"Z/", /"a/") is ");
printf("%d/n", strcmp("Z", "a"));
printf("strcmp(/"apples/", /"apple/") is ");
printf("%d/n", strcmp("apples", "apple"));
return 0;
}
*/
/
/* quit_chk.c -- beginning of some program */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define SIZE 81
#define LIM 100
#define STOP "quit"
int main(void)
{
char input[LIM][SIZE];
int ct = 0;
printf("Enter up to %d lines (type quit to quit):/n", LIM);
// while (ct < LIM && gets(input[ct]) != NULL && strcmp(input[ct],STOP) != 0)
while(ct< LIM && gets(input[ct])!=NULL && input[ct][0]!='/0')
{
ct++;
}
printf("%d strings entered/n", ct);
return 0;
}
*/
///
/* copy2.c -- strcpy() demo */ // read it carefully
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define WORDS "beast"
#define SIZE 40
int main(void)
{
const char * orig = WORDS;
char copy[SIZE] = "Be the best that you can be.";
char * ps;
puts(orig);
puts(copy);
ps = strcpy(copy + 7, orig);
puts(copy);
puts(ps);
return 0;
}
*/
/
/* copy3.c -- strncpy() demo */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define SIZE 40
#define TARGSIZE 7
#define LIM 5
int main(void)
{
char qwords[LIM][TARGSIZE];
char temp[SIZE];
int i = 0;
printf("Enter %d words beginning with q:/n", LIM);
while (i < LIM && gets(temp))
{
if (temp[0] != 'q')
printf("%s doesn't begin with q!/n", temp);
else
{
strncpy(qwords[i], temp, TARGSIZE - 1);
qwords[i][TARGSIZE - 1] = '/0';
i++;
}
}
puts("Here are the words accepted:");
for (i = 0; i < LIM; i++)
puts(qwords[i]);
return 0;
}
*/
//
/* format.c -- format a string */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX 20
int main(void)
{
char first[MAX];
char last[MAX];
char formal[2 * MAX + 10];
double prize;
puts("Enter your first name:");
gets(first);
puts("Enter your last name:");
gets(last);
puts("Enter your prize money:");
scanf("%lf", &prize);
sprintf(formal, "%s, %-19s: $%6.2f/n", last, first, prize); // sprintf() you should take care of the function
puts(formal);
return 0;
}
*/
///
/* repeat.c -- main() with arguments */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int count;
printf("The command line has %d arguments:/n", argc - 1); // just test it in WIN-TC
for (count = 1; count < argc; count++)
printf("%d: %s/n", count, argv[count]);
printf("/n");
return 0;
}
*/
///
/* strcnvt.c -- try strtol() */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
char number[30];
char * end;
long value;
puts("Enter a number (empty line to quit):");
while(gets(number) && number[0] != '/0')
{
value = strtol(number, &end, 10); // base 10
printf("value: %ld, stopped at %s (%d)/n",
value, end, *end);
value = strtol(number, &end, 16); // base 16
printf("value: %ld, stopped at %s (%d)/n",
value, end, *end);
puts("Next number:");
}
puts("Bye!/n");
return 0;
}
*/
//
//
// chapter 12 存储类、链接和内存管理
/* hiding.c -- variables in blocks */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x = 30;
printf("x in outer block: %d/n", x);
{
int x = 77;
printf("x in inner block: %d/n", x);
}
printf("x in outer block: %d/n", x);
while (x++ < 33)
{
int x = 100;
x++;
printf("x in while loop: %d/n", x);
}
printf("x in outer block: %d/n", x); // will print 34 not 33
return 0;
}
*/
///
/* global.c -- uses an external variable */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
int units = 0; // an external variable
void critic(void);
int main(void)
{
// extern int units; // an optional redeclaration
printf("How many pounds to a firkin of butter?/n");
scanf("%d", &units);
while ( units != 56)
critic();
printf("You must have looked it up!/n");
return 0;
}
void critic(void)
{
// optional redeclaration omitted
printf("No luck, chummy. Try again./n");
scanf("%d", &units);
}
*/
//
/* dyn_arr.c -- dynamically allocated array */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(void)
{
double * ptd;
int max;
int number;
int i = 0;
puts("What is the maximum number of type double entries?");
scanf("%d", &max);
ptd = (double *) malloc(max * sizeof (double));
if (ptd == NULL)
{
puts("Memory allocation failed. Goodbye.");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
// ptd now points to an array of max elements
puts("Enter the values (q to quit):");
while (i < max && scanf("%lf", &ptd[i]) == 1)
++i;
printf("Here are your %d entries:/n", number = i);
for (i = 0; i < number; i++)
{
printf("%7.2f ", ptd[i]);
if (i % 7 == 6)
putchar('/n');
}
if (i % 7 != 0)
putchar('/n');
puts("Done.");
free(ptd);
return 0;
}
*/
//
//
//
//chapter 13 文件输入与输出
/* count.c -- using standard I/O */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h> // ANSI C exit() prototype
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int ch; // place to store each character as read
FILE *fp; // "file pointer"
long count = 0;
if (argc != 2)
{
printf("Usage: %s filename/n", argv[0]);
exit(1);
}
if ((fp = fopen(argv[1], "r")) == NULL)
{
printf("Can't open %s/n", argv[1]);
exit(1);
}
while ((ch = getc(fp)) != EOF)
{
putc(ch,stdout); // same as putchar(ch);
count++;
}
fclose(fp);
printf("File %s has %ld characters/n", argv[1], count);
return 0;
}
*/
//
/* parrot.c -- using fgets() and fputs() */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAXLINE 20
int main(void)
{
char line[MAXLINE];
while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, stdin) != NULL &&
line[0] != '/n')
fputs(line, stdout);
return 0;
}
*/
//
/* reverse.c -- displays a file in reverse order */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define CNTL_Z '/032' // eof marker in DOS text files
#define SLEN 50
int main(void)
{
char file[SLEN];
char ch;
FILE *fp;
long count, last;
puts("Enter the name of the file to be processed:");
gets(file);
if ((fp = fopen(file,"rb")) == NULL)
{ // read-only and binary modes
printf("reverse can't open %s/n", file);
exit(1);
}
fseek(fp, 0L, SEEK_END); //go to end of file
last = ftell(fp);
// if SEEK_END not supported, use this instead
// last = 0;
// while (getc(fp) != EOF)
// last++;
for (count = last- 1; count >= 0; count--)
{
fseek(fp, count, SEEK_SET); // go backward
ch = getc(fp);
// for DOS, works with UNIX
if (ch != CNTL_Z && ch != '/r')
putchar(ch);
// for Macintosh
// if (ch == '/r')
// putchar('/n');
// else
// putchar(ch)
}
putchar('/n');
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
*/
//
//
//chapter 14 结构和其他数据形式
/* book.c -- one-book inventory */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAXTITL 41 // maximum length of title + 1
#define MAXAUTL 31 // maximum length of author's name + 1
struct book { // structure template: tag is book
char title[MAXTITL];
char author[MAXAUTL];
float value;
}; // end of structure template
int main(void)
{
struct book library; // declare library as a book variable
printf("Please enter the book title./n");
gets(library.title); // access to the title portion
printf("Now enter the author./n");
gets(library.author);
printf("Now enter the value./n");
scanf("%f", &library.value);
printf("%s by %s: $%.2f/n",library.title,
library.author, library.value);
printf("%s: /"%s/" ($%.2f)/n", library.author,
library.title, library.value);
printf("Done./n");
return 0;
}
*/
//
/* manybook.c -- multiple book inventory */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAXTITL 40
#define MAXAUTL 40
#define MAXBKS 100
struct book {
char title[MAXTITL];
char author[MAXAUTL];
float value;
};
int main(void)
{
struct book library[MAXBKS];
int count = 0;
int index;
printf("Press [enter] at the start of a line to stop./n");
printf("Please enter the book title./n");
while (count < MAXBKS && gets(library[count].title) != NULL
&& library[count].title[0] != '/0')
{
printf("Now enter the author./n");
gets(library[count].author);
printf("Now enter the value./n");
scanf("%f", &library[count++].value);
while (getchar() != '/n')
continue;
if (count < MAXBKS)
printf("Enter the next title./n");
}
if (count > 0)
{
printf("Here is the list of your books:/n");
for (index = 0; index < count; index++)
printf("%s by %s: $%.2f/n", library[index].title,
library[index].author, library[index].value);
}
else
printf("No books? Too bad./n");
return 0;
}
*/
//
/* booksave.c -- saves structure contents in a file */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define MAXTITL 40
#define MAXAUTL 40
#define MAXBKS 10
struct book {
char title[MAXTITL];
char author[MAXAUTL];
float value;
};
int main(void)
{
struct book library[MAXBKS]; // array of structures
int count = 0;
int index, filecount;
FILE * pbooks;
int size = sizeof (struct book);
if ((pbooks = fopen("book.dat", "a+b")) == NULL)
{
fputs("Can't open book.dat file/n",stderr);
exit(1);
}
rewind(pbooks); // go to start of file
while (count < MAXBKS && fread(&library[count], size,
1, pbooks) == 1)
{
if (count == 0)
puts("Current contents of book.dat:");
printf("%s by %s: $%.2f/n",library[count].title,
library[count].author, library[count].value);
count++;
}
filecount = count;
if (count == MAXBKS)
{
fputs("The book.dat file is full.", stderr);
exit(2);
}
puts("Please add new book titles.");
puts("Press [enter] at the start of a line to stop.");
while (count < MAXBKS && gets(library[count].title) != NULL
&& library[count].title[0] != '/0')
{
puts("Now enter the author.");
gets(library[count].author);
puts("Now enter the value.");
scanf("%f", &library[count++].value);
while (getchar() != '/n')
continue; // clear input line
if (count < MAXBKS)
puts("Enter the next title.");
}
if (count > 0)
{
puts("Here is the list of your books:");
for (index = 0; index < count; index++)
printf("%s by %s: $%.2f/n",library[index].title,
library[index].author, library[index].value);
fwrite(&library[filecount], size, count - filecount,
pbooks);
}
else
puts("No books? Too bad./n");
puts("Bye./n");
fclose(pbooks);
return 0;
}
*/
//
/*
// func_ptr.c -- uses function pointers
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
char showmenu(void);
void eatline(void); // read through end of line
void show(void (* fp)(char *), char * str);
void ToUpper(char *); // convert string to uppercase
void ToLower(char *); // convert string to uppercase
void Transpose(char *); // transpose cases
void Dummy(char *); // leave string unaltered
int main(void)
{
char line[81];
char copy[81];
char choice;
void (*pfun)(char *); // points a function having a
// char * argument and no
// return value
puts("Enter a string (empty line to quit):");
while (gets(line) != NULL && line[0] != '/0')
{
while ((choice = showmenu()) != 'n')
{
switch (choice ) // switch sets pointer
{
case 'u' : pfun = ToUpper; break;
case 'l' : pfun = ToLower; break;
case 't' : pfun = Transpose; break;
case 'o' : pfun = Dummy; break;
}
strcpy(copy, line);// make copy for show()
show(pfun, copy); // use selected function
}
puts("Enter a string (empty line to quit):");
}
puts("Bye!");
return 0;
}
char showmenu(void)
{
char ans;
puts("Enter menu choice:");
puts("u) uppercase l) lowercase");
puts("t) transposed case o) original case");
puts("n) next string");
ans = getchar(); // get response
ans = tolower(ans); // convert to lowercase
eatline(); // dispose of rest of line
while (strchr("ulton", ans) == NULL)
{
puts("Please enter a u, l, t, o, or n:");
ans = tolower(getchar());
eatline();
}
return ans;
}
void eatline(void)
{
while (getchar() != '/n')
continue;
}
void ToUpper(char * str)
{
while (*str)
{
*str = toupper(*str);
str++;
}
}
void ToLower(char * str)
{
while (*str)
{
*str = tolower(*str);
str++;
}
}
void Transpose(char * str)
{
while (*str)
{
if (islower(*str))
*str = toupper(*str);
else if (isupper(*str))
*str = tolower(*str);
str++;
}
}
void Dummy(char * str)
{
// leaves string unchanged
}
void show(void (* fp)(char *), char * str)
{
(*fp)(str); // apply chosen function to str
puts(str); // display result
}
*/
//
//
//chapter 15
/* binbit.c -- using bit operations to display binary */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
char * itobs(int, char *);
void show_bstr(const char *);
int main(void)
{
char bin_str[8 * sizeof(int) + 1];
int number;
puts("Enter integers and see them in binary.");
puts("Non-numeric input terminates program.");
while (scanf("%d", &number) == 1)
{
itobs(number,bin_str);
printf("%d is ", number);
show_bstr(bin_str);
putchar('/n');
}
puts("Bye!");
return 0;
}
char * itobs(int n, char * ps) // 没太看懂怎么将数字转成32 位的
{
int i;
static int size = 8 * sizeof(int);
for (i = size - 1; i >= 0; i--, n >>= 1)
ps[i] = (01 & n) + '0';
ps[size] = '/0';
return ps;
}
// show binary string in blocks of 4
void show_bstr(const char * str)
{
int i = 0;
while (str[i])
{
putchar(str[i]);
if(++i % 4 == 0 && str[i])
putchar(' ');
}
}
*/
//
//
//chapter 16
/* subst.c -- substitute in string */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define PSQR(x) printf("The square of %d is %d./n",x,((x)*(x)))
int main(void)
{
int y = 5;
PSQR(y);
PSQR(2 + 4);
return 0;
}*/
//
/* subst.c -- substitute in string */
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#define PSQR(x) printf("The square of " #x " is %d./n",((x)*(x)))
int main(void)
{
int y = 5;
PSQR(y);
PSQR(2 + 4);
return 0;
}
*/
//
//varargs.c -- use variable number of arguments 使用可变个数的参数
/*
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
double sum(int, ...);
int main(void)
{
double s,t;
s = sum(3, 1.1, 2.5, 13.3);
t = sum(6, 1.1, 2.1, 13.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1);
printf("return value for "
"sum(3, 1.1, 2.5, 13.3): %g/n", s);
printf("return value for "
"sum(6, 1.1, 2.1, 13.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1): %g/n", t);
return 0;
}
double sum(int lim,...)
{
va_list ap; // declare object to hold arguments
double tot = 0;
int i;
va_start(ap, lim); // initialize ap to argument list
for (i = 0; i < lim; i++)
tot += va_arg(ap, double); // access each item in argument list
va_end(ap); // clean up
return tot;
}
*/
//
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