pytest框架进阶自学系列 | 环境准备及资料准备

书籍来源：房荔枝 梁丽丽《pytest框架与自动化测试应用》

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附上汇总贴：pytest框架进阶自学系列 | 汇总_热爱编程的通信人的博客-CSDN博客

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pytest是一个基于Python的框架，需要安装在Python上，所以我们首先需要验证Python是否成功安装，然后安装pytest。我们的编码是在Python的集成开发环境PyCharm上进行。

Python的环境验证

Python的命令在Windows和Mac系统中的命令基本一致，如有不同，则会分别说明。

在Windows系统的cmd中执行结果如下：

PS D:\SynologyDrive\CodeLearning\WIN\pytest_learning> python --version
Python 3.7.7
PS D:\SynologyDrive\CodeLearning\WIN\pytest_learning> 

安装pytest

接下来开始安装pytest，我们可以安装任何版本的pytest，在本书中pytest 5.4.1是我们要安装的版本。

安装显示过程如下：

PS D:\SynologyDrive\CodeLearning\WIN\pytest_learning> pip install pytest == 5.4.1
ERROR: Invalid requirement: '=='
WARNING: You are using pip version 19.2.3, however version 23.1.2 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.
PS D:\SynologyDrive\CodeLearning\WIN\pytest_learning> pip install pytest = 5.4.1  
ERROR: Invalid requirement: '='
Hint: = is not a valid operator. Did you mean == ?
WARNING: You are using pip version 19.2.3, however version 23.1.2 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.
PS D:\SynologyDrive\CodeLearning\WIN\pytest_learning> pip install pytest==5.4.1  
Collecting pytest==5.4.1
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c7/e2/c19c667f42f72716a7d03e8dd4d6f63f47d39feadd44cc1ee7ca3089862c/pytest-5.4.1-py3-none-any.whl (246kB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 256kB 409kB/s
Collecting more-itertools>=4.0.0 (from pytest==5.4.1)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/85/01/e2678ee4e0d7eed4fd6be9e5b043fff9d22d245d06c8c91def8ced664189/more_itertools-9.1.0-py3-none-any.whl (54kB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 61kB 2.0MB/s
Collecting colorama; sys_platform == "win32" (from pytest==5.4.1)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/d1/d6/3965ed04c63042e047cb6a3e6ed1a63a35087b6a609aa3a15ed8ac56c221/colorama-0.4.6-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting importlib-metadata>=0.12; python_version < "3.8" (from pytest==5.4.1)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ff/94/64287b38c7de4c90683630338cf28f129decbba0a44f0c6db35a873c73c4/importlib_metadata-6.7.0-py3-none-any.whl
Collecting attrs>=17.4.0 (from pytest==5.4.1)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/f0/eb/fcb708c7bf5056045e9e98f62b93bd7467eb718b0202e7698eb11d66416c/attrs-23.1.0-py3-none-any.whl (61kB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 61kB 3.8MB/s
Collecting atomicwrites>=1.0; sys_platform == "win32" (from pytest==5.4.1)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/87/c6/53da25344e3e3a9c01095a89f16dbcda021c609ddb42dd6d7c0528236fb2/atomicwrites-1.4.1.tar.gz
Collecting wcwidth (from pytest==5.4.1)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/20/f4/c0584a25144ce20bfcf1aecd041768b8c762c1eb0aa77502a3f0baa83f11/wcwidth-0.2.6-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting py>=1.5.0 (from pytest==5.4.1)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/f6/f0/10642828a8dfb741e5f3fbaac830550a518a775c7fff6f04a007259b0548/py-1.11.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (98kB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 102kB 3.2MB/s
Collecting packaging (from pytest==5.4.1)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ab/c3/57f0601a2d4fe15de7a553c00adbc901425661bf048f2a22dfc500caf121/packaging-23.1-py3-none-any.whl (48kB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 51kB 3.4MB/s
Collecting pluggy<1.0,>=0.12 (from pytest==5.4.1)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a0/28/85c7aa31b80d150b772fbe4a229487bc6644da9ccb7e427dd8cc60cb8a62/pluggy-0.13.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting zipp>=0.5 (from importlib-metadata>=0.12; python_version < "3.8"->pytest==5.4.1)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/5b/fa/c9e82bbe1af6266adf08afb563905eb87cab83fde00a0a08963510621047/zipp-3.15.0-py3-none-any.whl
Collecting typing-extensions>=3.6.4; python_version < "3.8" (from importlib-metadata>=0.12; python_version < "3.8"->pytest==5.4.1)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ec/6b/63cc3df74987c36fe26157ee12e09e8f9db4de771e0f3404263117e75b95/typing_extensions-4.7.1-py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: more-itertools, colorama, zipp, typing-extensions, importlib-metadata, attrs, atomicwrites, wcwidth, py, packaging, pluggy, pytest
  Running setup.py install for atomicwrites ... done
Successfully installed atomicwrites-1.4.1 attrs-23.1.0 colorama-0.4.6 importlib-metadata-6.7.0 more-itertools-9.1.0 packaging-23.1 pluggy-0.13.1 py-1.11.0 pytest-5.4.1 typing-extensions-4.7.1 wcwidth-0.2.6 zipp-3.15.0
WARNING: You are using pip version 19.2.3, however version 23.1.2 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.
PS D:\SynologyDrive\CodeLearning\WIN\pytest_learning>

帮助显示如下。

PS D:\SynologyDrive\CodeLearning\WIN\pytest_learning> pytest -h
usage: pytest [options] [file_or_dir] [file_or_dir] [...]

positional arguments:
  file_or_dir

general:
  -k EXPRESSION         only run tests which match the given substring expression. An expression is a python evaluatable expression where all names are substring-matched against test names and their parent classes. Example: -k      
                        'test_method or test_other' matches all test functions and classes whose name contains 'test_method' or 'test_other', while -k 'not test_method' matches those that don't contain 'test_method' in their names. 
                        -k 'not test_method and not test_other' will eliminate the matches. Additionally keywords are matched to classes and functions containing extra names in their 'extra_keyword_matches' set, as well as functions
                        which have names assigned directly to them. The matching is case-insensitive.
  -m MARKEXPR           only run tests matching given mark expression. example: -m 'mark1 and not mark2'.
  --markers             show markers (builtin, plugin and per-project ones).
  -x, --exitfirst       exit instantly on first error or failed test.
  --maxfail=num         exit after first num failures or errors.
  --strict-markers, --strict
                        markers not registered in the `markers` section of the configuration file raise errors.
  -c file               load configuration from `file` instead of trying to locate one of the implicit configuration files.
  --continue-on-collection-errors
                        Force test execution even if collection errors occur.
  --rootdir=ROOTDIR     Define root directory for tests. Can be relative path: 'root_dir', './root_dir', 'root_dir/another_dir/'; absolute path: '/home/user/root_dir'; path with variables: '$HOME/root_dir'.
  --fixtures, --funcargs
                        show available fixtures, sorted by plugin appearance (fixtures with leading '_' are only shown with '-v')
  --fixtures-per-test   show fixtures per test
  --import-mode={prepend,append}
                        prepend/append to sys.path when importing test modules, default is to prepend.
  --pdb                 start the interactive Python debugger on errors or KeyboardInterrupt.
  --pdbcls=modulename:classname
                        start a custom interactive Python debugger on errors. For example: --pdbcls=IPython.terminal.debugger:TerminalPdb
  --trace               Immediately break when running each test.
  --capture=method      per-test capturing method: one of fd|sys|no|tee-sys.
  -s                    shortcut for --capture=no.
  --runxfail            report the results of xfail tests as if they were not marked
  --lf, --last-failed   rerun only the tests that failed at the last run (or all if none failed)
  --ff, --failed-first  run all tests but run the last failures first. This may re-order tests and thus lead to repeated fixture setup/teardown
  --nf, --new-first     run tests from new files first, then the rest of the tests sorted by file mtime
  --cache-show=[CACHESHOW]
                        show cache contents, don't perform collection or tests. Optional argument: glob (default: '*').
  --cache-clear         remove all cache contents at start of test run.
  --lfnf={all,none}, --last-failed-no-failures={all,none}
                        which tests to run with no previously (known) failures.
  --sw, --stepwise      exit on test failure and continue from last failing test next time
  --stepwise-skip       ignore the first failing test but stop on the next failing test

reporting:
  --durations=N         show N slowest setup/test durations (N=0 for all).
  -v, --verbose         increase verbosity.
  -q, --quiet           decrease verbosity.
  --verbosity=VERBOSE   set verbosity. Default is 0.
  -r chars              show extra test summary info as specified by chars: (f)ailed, (E)rror, (s)kipped, (x)failed, (X)passed, (p)assed, (P)assed with output, (a)ll except passed (p/P), or (A)ll. (w)arnings are enabled by default  
                        (see --disable-warnings), 'N' can be used to reset the list. (default: 'fE').
  --disable-warnings, --disable-pytest-warnings
                        disable warnings summary
  -l, --showlocals      show locals in tracebacks (disabled by default).
  --tb=style            traceback print mode (auto/long/short/line/native/no).
  --show-capture={no,stdout,stderr,log,all}
                        Controls how captured stdout/stderr/log is shown on failed tests. Default is 'all'.
  --full-trace          don't cut any tracebacks (default is to cut).
  --color=color         color terminal output (yes/no/auto).
  --pastebin=mode       send failed|all info to bpaste.net pastebin service.
  --junit-xml=path      create junit-xml style report file at given path.
  --junit-prefix=str    prepend prefix to classnames in junit-xml output
  --result-log=path     DEPRECATED path for machine-readable result log.

collection:
  --collect-only, --co  only collect tests, don't execute them.
  --pyargs              try to interpret all arguments as python packages.
  --ignore=path         ignore path during collection (multi-allowed).
  --ignore-glob=path    ignore path pattern during collection (multi-allowed).
  --deselect=nodeid_prefix
                        deselect item (via node id prefix) during collection (multi-allowed).
  --confcutdir=dir      only load conftest.py's relative to specified dir.
  --noconftest          Don't load any conftest.py files.
  --keep-duplicates     Keep duplicate tests.
  --collect-in-virtualenv
                        Don't ignore tests in a local virtualenv directory
  --doctest-modules     run doctests in all .py modules
  --doctest-report={none,cdiff,ndiff,udiff,only_first_failure}
                        choose another output format for diffs on doctest failure
  --doctest-glob=pat    doctests file matching pattern, default: test*.txt
  --doctest-ignore-import-errors
                        ignore doctest ImportErrors
  --doctest-continue-on-failure
                        for a given doctest, continue to run after the first failure

test session debugging and configuration:
  --basetemp=dir        base temporary directory for this test run.(warning: this directory is removed if it exists)
  -V, --version         display pytest version and information about plugins.
  -h, --help            show help message and configuration info
  -p name               early-load given plugin module name or entry point (multi-allowed). To avoid loading of plugins, use the `no:` prefix, e.g. `no:doctest`.
  --trace-config        trace considerations of conftest.py files.
  --debug               store internal tracing debug information in 'pytestdebug.log'.
  -o OVERRIDE_INI, --override-ini=OVERRIDE_INI
                        override ini option with "option=value" style, e.g. `-o xfail_strict=True -o cache_dir=cache`.
  --assert=MODE         Control assertion debugging tools. 'plain' performs no assertion debugging. 'rewrite' (the default) rewrites assert statements in test modules on import to provide assert expression information.
  --setup-only          only setup fixtures, do not execute tests.
  --setup-show          show setup of fixtures while executing tests.
  --setup-plan          show what fixtures and tests would be executed but don't execute anything.

pytest-warnings:
  -W PYTHONWARNINGS, --pythonwarnings=PYTHONWARNINGS
                        set which warnings to report, see -W option of python itself.

logging:
  --no-print-logs       disable printing caught logs on failed tests.
  --log-level=LEVEL     level of messages to catch/display. Not set by default, so it depends on the root/parent log handler's effective level, where it is "WARNING" by default.
  --log-format=LOG_FORMAT
                        log format as used by the logging module.
  --log-date-format=LOG_DATE_FORMAT
                        log date format as used by the logging module.
  --log-cli-level=LOG_CLI_LEVEL
                        cli logging level.
  --log-cli-format=LOG_CLI_FORMAT
                        log format as used by the logging module.
  --log-cli-date-format=LOG_CLI_DATE_FORMAT
                        log date format as used by the logging module.
  --log-file=LOG_FILE   path to a file when logging will be written to.
  --log-file-level=LOG_FILE_LEVEL
                        log file logging level.
  --log-file-format=LOG_FILE_FORMAT
                        log format as used by the logging module.
  --log-file-date-format=LOG_FILE_DATE_FORMAT
                        log date format as used by the logging module.
  --log-auto-indent=LOG_AUTO_INDENT
                        Auto-indent multiline messages passed to the logging module. Accepts true|on, false|off or an integer.

[pytest] ini-options in the first pytest.ini|tox.ini|setup.cfg file found:

  markers (linelist):   markers for test functions
  empty_parameter_set_mark (string):
                        default marker for empty parametersets
  norecursedirs (args): directory patterns to avoid for recursion
  testpaths (args):     directories to search for tests when no files or directories are given in the command line.
  usefixtures (args):   list of default fixtures to be used with this project
  python_files (args):  glob-style file patterns for Python test module discovery
  python_classes (args):
                        prefixes or glob names for Python test class discovery
  python_functions (args):
                        prefixes or glob names for Python test function and method discovery
  disable_test_id_escaping_and_forfeit_all_rights_to_community_support (bool):
                        disable string escape non-ascii characters, might cause unwanted side effects(use at your own risk)
  console_output_style (string):
                        console output: "classic", or with additional progress information ("progress" (percentage) | "count").
  xfail_strict (bool):  default for the strict parameter of xfail markers when not given explicitly (default: False)
  enable_assertion_pass_hook (bool):
                        Enables the pytest_assertion_pass hook.Make sure to delete any previously generated pyc cache files.
  junit_suite_name (string):
                        Test suite name for JUnit report
  junit_logging (string):
                        Write captured log messages to JUnit report: one of no|log|system-out|system-err|out-err|all
  junit_log_passing_tests (bool):
                        Capture log information for passing tests to JUnit report:
  junit_duration_report (string):
                        Duration time to report: one of total|call
  junit_family (string):
                        Emit XML for schema: one of legacy|xunit1|xunit2
  doctest_optionflags (args):
                        option flags for doctests
  doctest_encoding (string):
                        encoding used for doctest files
  cache_dir (string):   cache directory path.
  filterwarnings (linelist):
                        Each line specifies a pattern for warnings.filterwarnings. Processed after -W/--pythonwarnings.
  log_print (bool):     default value for --no-print-logs
  log_level (string):   default value for --log-level
  log_format (string):  default value for --log-format
  log_date_format (string):
                        default value for --log-date-format
  log_cli (bool):       enable log display during test run (also known as "live logging").
  log_cli_level (string):
                        default value for --log-cli-level
  log_cli_format (string):
                        default value for --log-cli-format
  log_cli_date_format (string):
                        default value for --log-cli-date-format
  log_file (string):    default value for --log-file
  log_file_level (string):
                        default value for --log-file-level
  log_file_format (string):
                        default value for --log-file-format
  log_file_date_format (string):
                        default value for --log-file-date-format
  log_auto_indent (string):
                        default value for --log-auto-indent
  faulthandler_timeout (string):
                        Dump the traceback of all threads if a test takes more than TIMEOUT seconds to finish. Not available on Windows.
  addopts (args):       extra command line options
  minversion (string):  minimally required pytest version

environment variables:
  PYTEST_ADDOPTS           extra command line options
  PYTEST_PLUGINS           comma-separated plugins to load during startup
  PYTEST_DISABLE_PLUGIN_AUTOLOAD set to disable plugin auto-loading
  PYTEST_DEBUG             set to enable debug tracing of pytest's internals


to see available markers type: pytest --markers
to see available fixtures type: pytest --fixtures
(shown according to specified file_or_dir or current dir if not specified; fixtures with leading '_' are only shown with the '-v' option
PS D:\SynologyDrive\CodeLearning\WIN\pytest_learning> 

如果要查看pytest的详细介绍，则可以执行的命令如下：

显示版本信息、主页信息、作者信息、版权信息、安装位置信息、关联包信息等。

PS D:\SynologyDrive\CodeLearning\WIN\pytest_learning> pip show pytest
Name: pytest
Version: 5.4.1
Summary: pytest: simple powerful testing with Python
Home-page: https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/
Author: Holger Krekel, Bruno Oliveira, Ronny Pfannschmidt, Floris Bruynooghe, Brianna Laugher, Florian Bruhin and others
Author-email: None
License: MIT license
Location: c:\users\guoliang\appdata\local\programs\python\python37\lib\site-packages
Requires: importlib-metadata, attrs, packaging, pluggy, wcwidth, atomicwrites, more-itertools, colorama, py
Required-by:
PS D:\SynologyDrive\CodeLearning\WIN\pytest_learning>