深入了解String

1 String

1.1 String类的源码

public final class String
    implements java.io.Serializable, Comparable<String>, CharSequence {
        // The value is used for character storage，用字节数组进行存储
        private final byte[] value;
        // 编码
        private final byte coder;
    }

1. String内部用字节数组来存储字符串，使用coder来标识编码
2. String类被final声明，说明String类不可以被继承
3. value[]数组被final声明，说明value []数组被初始化之后，不可以改变。

1.2 String/StringBuilder/StringBuffer

1.2.1 StringBuilder/StringBuffer的源码

StringBuilder源码：

public final class StringBuilder
    extends AbstractStringBuilder
    implements java.io.Serializable, CharSequence {  
    public StringBuilder() {
        super(16);
    }
}

StringBuffer源码：

public final class StringBuffer
    extends AbstractStringBuilder
    implements java.io.Serializable, CharSequence{
        public StringBuffer() {
        super(16);
    }
}

可以看到StringBuffer和StringBuilder都是继承了AbstractStringBuilder这个抽象类，下面看下这个AbstractStringBuilder主要是什么内容。

AbstractStringBuilder源码：

abstract class AbstractStringBuilder implements Appendable, CharSequence {
    /**
     * The value is used for character storage.
     */
    byte[] value;

    /**
     * The id of the encoding used to encode the bytes in {@code value}.
     */
    byte coder;

这里也定义了字节数组和coder编码方式。但是没有用final声明。

1.2.2 比较

1. 可变性

   • String有final修饰，说明不可变
   • StringBuffer和StringBuilder，是可变的

2. 线程安全

   • String不可变，说明线程安全
   • StringBuilder，线程不安全
   • StringBuffer，线程安全，源码可以看出（方法都用synchronized来声明，比如charAt()方法：public synchronized char charAt(int index) { return super.charAt(index); })

1.3 String Pool

String Pool保存着所有字符串的字面量。下面看个例子：

public static void main(String[] args){
        String a = new String("abc");
        String b = new String("abc");
        System.out.println( a == b); // false

        String x = a.intern();
        String y = a.intern();
        System.out.println( x == y); // true
        System.out.println( x + "  " + y);// abc  abc
    }

a 和 b 用new创建一个字符串对象，如果直接用两个对象进行比较，肯定是不相等的，地址不一样。而调用了intern()方法后，x==y说明这两个字符串对象指向的是同一个地址，也就是说明了，intern()方法首先把 a 引用的字符串放到 String Pool 中，然后返回这个字符串引用。因此 x 和 y 引用的是同一个字符串。

看下intern()方法的源码:

/**
     * Returns a canonical representation for the string object.
     * <p>
     * A pool of strings, initially empty, is maintained privately by the
     * class {@code String}.
     * <p>
     * When the intern method is invoked, if the pool already contains a
     * string equal to this {@code String} object as determined by
     * the {@link #equals(Object)} method, then the string from the pool is
     * returned. Otherwise, this {@code String} object is added to the
     * pool and a reference to this {@code String} object is returned.
     * <p>
     * It follows that for any two strings {@code s} and {@code t},
     * {@code s.intern() == t.intern()} is {@code true}
     * if and only if {@code s.equals(t)} is {@code true}.
     * <p>
     * All literal strings and string-valued constant expressions are
     * interned. String literals are defined in section 3.10.5 of the
     * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>.
     *
     * @return  a string that has the same contents as this string, but is
     *          guaranteed to be from a pool of unique strings.
     * @jls 3.10.5 String Literals
     */
    public native String intern();

这代码的解释也说明了，当String Pool中包含了字符串的值，那么就直接返回该值，如果没有，这个字符串就会添加到String Pool中然后再返回这个值。

如果直接采用字符串直接赋值的方式，就会自动将字符串放入String Pool中

        String m = "aaa";
        String n = "aaa";
        System.out.println(m == n); // true

1.4 new String(“abc”)方法：

源代码：

public String(String original) {
        this.value = original.value;
        this.coder = original.coder;
        this.hash = original.hash;
    }

new String("abc")并不是直接赋值一个字符串，而是将value变量指向原来的(original)value数组