尽管目前的无线网络不够理想,手机联网还是给我们开发人员不小的震撼的。毕竟这真的是件神奇的事情,不是吗?本文将讲述如何应用J2ME平台中的通用联网框架开发联网的应用程序。 首先,必须说明一点:MIDP中规定,任何移动信息设备都必须提供通过http协议的支持,而像其他的通信方式例如socket是设备相关的。有些手机会支持,有些则不支持。这里只大概的说明一下http协议相关的内容,如果不了解这个方面的知识请参考http协议。在javax.microedition.io里面是大量的接口,只有一个connector类,当然在midp2.0里面添加了对push技术的支持,这个留做以后讲。connector类提供的最重要的方法是open()方法,它的返回值为Connection,你可以对他进行转换得到你需要的类型,比如我们以http协议访问服务器。
void postViaHttpConnection(String url) throws IOException { HttpConnection c = null; InputStream is = null; OutputStream os = null; int rc;
try { c = (HttpConnection)Connector.open(url);
// Set the request method and headers c.setRequestMethod(HttpConnection.POST); c.setRequestProperty("If-Modified-Since","29 Oct 1999 19:43:31 GMT"); c.setRequestProperty("User-Agent","Profile/MIDP-2.0 Configuration/CLDC-1.0"); c.setRequestProperty("Content-Language", "en-US");
// Getting the output stream may flush the headers os = c.openOutputStream(); os.write("LIST games/n".getBytes()); os.flush(); // Optional, getResponseCode will flush
// Getting the response code will open the connection, // send the request, and read the HTTP response headers. // The headers are stored until requested. rc = c.getResponseCode(); if (rc != HttpConnection.HTTP_OK) { throw new IOException("HTTP response code: " + rc); }
is = c.openInputStream();
// Get the ContentType String type = c.getType(); processType(type);
// Get the length and process the data int len = (int)c.getLength(); if (len > 0) { int actual = 0; int bytesread = 0 ; byte[] data = new byte[len]; while ((bytesread != len) && (actual != -1)) { actual = is.read(data, bytesread, len - bytesread); bytesread += actual; } process(data); } else { int ch; while ((ch = is.read()) != -1) { process((byte)ch); } } } catch (ClassCastException e) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("Not an HTTP URL"); } finally { if (is != null) is.close(); if (os != null) os.close(); if (c != null) c.close(); } } |
上面的代码是我取自API doc(建议多读一下api doc)。 首先,必须说明一点:MIDP中规定,任何移动信息设备都必须提供通过http协议的支持,而像其他的通信方式例如socket是设备相关的。有些手机会支持,有些则不支持。这里只大概的说明一下http协议相关的内容,如果不了解这个方面的知识请参考http协议。在javax.microedition.io里面是大量的接口,只有一个connector类,当然在midp2.0里面添加了对push技术的支持,这个留做以后讲。connector类提供的最重要的方法是open()方法,它的返回值为Connection,你可以对他进行转换得到你需要的类型,比如我们以http协议访问服务器。
void postViaHttpConnection(String url) throws IOException { HttpConnection c = null; InputStream is = null; OutputStream os = null; int rc;
try { c = (HttpConnection)Connector.open(url);
// Set the request method and headers c.setRequestMethod(HttpConnection.POST); c.setRequestProperty("If-Modified-Since","29 Oct 1999 19:43:31 GMT"); c.setRequestProperty("User-Agent","Profile/MIDP-2.0 Configuration/CLDC-1.0"); c.setRequestProperty("Content-Language", "en-US");
// Getting the output stream may flush the headers os = c.openOutputStream(); os.write("LIST games/n".getBytes()); os.flush(); // Optional, getResponseCode will flush
// Getting the response code will open the connection, // send the request, and read the HTTP response headers. // The headers are stored until requested. rc = c.getResponseCode(); if (rc != HttpConnection.HTTP_OK) { throw new IOException("HTTP response code: " + rc); }
is = c.openInputStream();
// Get the ContentType String type = c.getType(); processType(type);
// Get the length and process the data int len = (int)c.getLength(); if (len > 0) { int actual = 0; int bytesread = 0 ; byte[] data = new byte[len]; while ((bytesread != len) && (actual != -1)) { actual = is.read(data, bytesread, len - bytesread); bytesread += actual; } process(data); } else { int ch; while ((ch = is.read()) != -1) { process((byte)ch); } } } catch (ClassCastException e) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("Not an HTTP URL"); } finally { if (is != null) is.close(); if (os != null) os.close(); if (c != null) c.close(); } } |
上面的代码是我取自API doc(建议多读一下api doc)。 首先,必须说明一点:MIDP中规定,任何移动信息设备都必须提供通过http协议的支持,而像其他的通信方式例如socket是设备相关的。有些手机会支持,有些则不支持。这里只大概的说明一下http协议相关的内容,如果不了解这个方面的知识请参考http协议。在javax.microedition.io里面是大量的接口,只有一个connector类,当然在midp2.0里面添加了对push技术的支持,这个留做以后讲。connector类提供的最重要的方法是open()方法,它的返回值为Connection,你可以对他进行转换得到你需要的类型,比如我们以http协议访问服务器。
void postViaHttpConnection(String url) throws IOException { HttpConnection c = null; InputStream is = null; OutputStream os = null; int rc;
try { c = (HttpConnection)Connector.open(url);
// Set the request method and headers c.setRequestMethod(HttpConnection.POST); c.setRequestProperty("If-Modified-Since","29 Oct 1999 19:43:31 GMT"); c.setRequestProperty("User-Agent","Profile/MIDP-2.0 Configuration/CLDC-1.0"); c.setRequestProperty("Content-Language", "en-US");
// Getting the output stream may flush the headers os = c.openOutputStream(); os.write("LIST games/n".getBytes()); os.flush(); // Optional, getResponseCode will flush
// Getting the response code will open the connection, // send the request, and read the HTTP response headers. // The headers are stored until requested. rc = c.getResponseCode(); if (rc != HttpConnection.HTTP_OK) { throw new IOException("HTTP response code: " + rc); }
is = c.openInputStream();
// Get the ContentType String type = c.getType(); processType(type);
// Get the length and process the data int len = (int)c.getLength(); if (len > 0) { int actual = 0; int bytesread = 0 ; byte[] data = new byte[len]; while ((bytesread != len) && (actual != -1)) { actual = is.read(data, bytesread, len - bytesread); bytesread += actual; } process(data); } else { int ch; while ((ch = is.read()) != -1) { process((byte)ch); } } } catch (ClassCastException e) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("Not an HTTP URL"); } finally { if (is != null) is.close(); if (os != null) os.close(); if (c != null) c.close(); } } |
上面的代码是我取自API doc(建议多读一下api doc)。 下面根据自己的经验说明一下联网中比较重要的问题:
我们应该明白这是如何工作的,手机发送请求通过无线网络传输到运营商的WAP网关,WAP网关将请求转发到web服务器,服务器可以用cgi,asp,servlet/jsp等构建。服务器处理后会把响应转发到WAP网关,WAP网关再把它发送到手机上。WAP网关对我们开发人员来说是透明的我们不用管它。
如果在你的联网程序上看不到Thread,Runnable这样的字眼,那么你的程序是不能运行的。因为考虑到网络的因素,为了避免操作堵塞。你必须把联网动作放到另外一个线程去运行,而不能在主线程运行。最好当联网的时候提供给用户一个等待的界面比如作一个动画界面。我下面提供的例子中没有用,因为我想把这个单独出来以后谈。
通常联网的应用程序的界面是比较多的,最好我们使用MVC的模式来实现界面的导航。
考虑好你想如何传递你数据,这一点是非常重要的。你可以用GET方法也可以使用POST方法,推荐后者。因为get方法只能是通过URL编码的传输。而POST更加灵活,配合DataInputStream、DataOutputStream来使用更是方便。必须清楚我们如何接受数据是跟数据如何发送过来相关的,例如在client端writeUTF(message);writeInt(4);writeBoolean(true),那么接受就应该readUTF();readInt();readBoolean();如果发送过来数据长度是可用的,那么我们可以建立一个适当的数组来接受,如果不可用我们就要一个适当容量的数组来接受。
下面我提供一个实例来说明以上的问题,在应用程序中我们输入任意字符,通过连接server得到响应并显示出来。server我用servlet写的非常简单,只是在受到的内容后面加上“haha”,程序我安装到自己的手机上运行没有任何问题,就是GPRS网络不够快。Server是tomcat5实现的,关于如何部署servlet的问题超出了本文的讨论范围。我只提供代码,推荐用Eclipse+Lomboz开发j2ee程序。
/* * Created on 2004-7-5 * * TODO To change the template for this generated file go to Window - * Preferences - Java - Code Generation - Code and Comments */ package com.north; import java.io.DataInputStream; import java.io.DataOutputStream; import java.io.IOException; import javax.servlet.ServletException; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; /** * @author P2800 * * TODO To change the template for this generated type comment go to Window - * Preferences - Java - Code Generation - Code and Comments */ public class MyServlet extends HttpServlet { protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(request.getInputStream()); String result = dis.readUTF(); DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream(response.getOutputStream()); dos.writeUTF(result+"haha"); dos.close(); dis.close(); //TODO Method stub generated by Lomboz } protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { doGet(request,response); //TODO Method stub generated by Lomboz } } |
联网的时候一定按照如下的流程做
1、建立连接,设置传输方式推荐POST,设置方法头
2、打开输出流,传输数据给服务器
3、判断相应的状态码,进入不同流程控制,注意错误处理。如果OK则开始接受数据
4、关闭连接和流
下面是客户端的代码,对错误处理没有考虑太多。一共是5个class
import javax.microedition.midlet.MIDlet; import javax.microedition.midlet.MIDletStateChangeException; /* * Created on 2004-7-4 * * TODO To change the template for this generated file go to * Window - Preferences - Java - Code Style - Code Templates */
/** * @author P2800 * * TODO To change the template for this generated type comment go to * Window - Preferences - Java - Code Style - Code Templates */ public class HttpCommMIDlet extends MIDlet {
private UIController uicontroller; /* (non-Javadoc) * @see javax.microedition.midlet.MIDlet#startApp() */ protected void startApp() throws MIDletStateChangeException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub uicontroller = new UIController(this); uicontroller.init(); }
/* (non-Javadoc) * @see javax.microedition.midlet.MIDlet#pauseApp() */ protected void pauseApp() { // TODO Auto-generated method stub }
/* (non-Javadoc) * @see javax.microedition.midlet.MIDlet#destroyApp(boolean) */ protected void destroyApp(boolean arg0) throws MIDletStateChangeException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub }
}
import java.io.IOException; import javax.microedition.lcdui.Display; import javax.microedition.lcdui.Displayable;
/* * Created on 2004-7-4 * * TODO To change the template for this generated file go to * Window - Preferences - Java - Code Style - Code Templates */
/** * @author P2800 * * TODO To change the template for this generated type comment go to Window - * Preferences - Java - Code Style - Code Templates */ public class UIController { private HttpCommMIDlet midlet; private InputCanvas inputUI; private DisplayCanvas displayUI; private Display display; private HttpCommHandler httpHandler;
/** * */ public UIController(HttpCommMIDlet midlet) { this.midlet = midlet; // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub }
public static class EventID { public static final int CONNECT_TO_SERVER = 0; public static final int DISPLAY_BACK_TO_INPUT = 1; }
public void init() { display = Display.getDisplay(midlet); httpHandler = new HttpCommHandler( "http://222.28.218.222:8088/http/myservlet"); inputUI = new InputCanvas(this); displayUI = new DisplayCanvas(this); display.setCurrent(inputUI); }
public void setCurrent(Displayable disp) { display.setCurrent(disp); }
public void handleEvent(int EventID, Object[] obj) { new EventHandler(EventID, obj).start(); }
private class EventHandler extends Thread { private int eventID; private Object[] obj; private Displayable backUI;
public EventHandler(int eventID, Object[] obj) { this.eventID = eventID; this.obj = obj; }
public void run() { synchronized (this) { run(eventID, obj); } }
private void run(int eventID, Object[] obj) { switch (eventID) { case EventID.CONNECT_TO_SERVER: { try { String result = httpHandler.sendMessage((String) obj[0]); displayUI.init(result); setCurrent(displayUI); break; } catch (IOException e) { } } case EventID.DISPLAY_BACK_TO_INPUT: { setCurrent(inputUI); break; } default: break; } } };
}
import javax.microedition.lcdui.Command; import javax.microedition.lcdui.CommandListener; import javax.microedition.lcdui.Displayable; import javax.microedition.lcdui.Form; import javax.microedition.lcdui.StringItem; import javax.microedition.lcdui.TextField;
/* * Created on 2004-7-4 * * TODO To change the template for this generated file go to * Window - Preferences - Java - Code Style - Code Templates */
/** * @author P2800 * * TODO To change the template for this generated type comment go to Window - * Preferences - Java - Code Style - Code Templates */ public class InputCanvas extends Form implements CommandListener { private UIController uicontroller; private TextField inputField; private StringItem result; public static final Command okCommand = new Command("OK", Command.OK, 1);
public InputCanvas(UIController uicontroller) { super("Http Comunication"); this.uicontroller = uicontroller; inputField = new TextField("Input:", null, 20, TextField.ANY); this.append(inputField); this.addCommand(okCommand); this.setCommandListener(this); }
/* * (non-Javadoc) * * @see javax.microedition.lcdui.CommandListener#commandAction(javax.microedition.lcdui.Command, * javax.microedition.lcdui.Displayable) */ public void commandAction(Command arg0, Displayable arg1) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub if (arg0 == okCommand) { String input = inputField.getString(); uicontroller.handleEvent(UIController.EventID.CONNECT_TO_SERVER, new Object[] { input }); } }
}
import java.io.*; import javax.microedition.io.Connector; import javax.microedition.io.HttpConnection;
/* * Created on 2004-7-4 * * TODO To change the template for this generated file go to * Window - Preferences - Java - Code Style - Code Templates */
/** * @author P2800 * * TODO To change the template for this generated type comment go to Window - * Preferences - Java - Code Style - Code Templates */ public class HttpCommHandler { private String URL; public HttpCommHandler(String URL) { this.URL = URL; }
public String sendMessage(String message) throws IOException { HttpConnection httpConn; DataInputStream input; DataOutputStream output; String result; try { httpConn = open(); output = this.openDataOutputStream(httpConn); output.writeUTF(message); output.close(); input = this.openDataInputStream(httpConn); result = input.readUTF(); closeConnection(httpConn,input,output); return result; } finally { } }
public HttpConnection open() throws IOException { try { HttpConnection connection = (HttpConnection) Connector.open(URL); connection.setRequestProperty("User-Agent", System .getProperty("microedition.profiles")); connection.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "application/octet-stream"); connection.setRequestMethod(HttpConnection.POST); return connection; } catch (IOException ioe) { throw ioe; } }
private DataInputStream openDataInputStream(HttpConnection conn) throws IOException { int code = conn.getResponseCode(); if (code == HttpConnection.HTTP_OK) { return conn.openDataInputStream(); } else { throw new IOException(); } }
private DataOutputStream openDataOutputStream(HttpConnection conn) throws IOException { return conn.openDataOutputStream(); }
private void closeConnection(HttpConnection conn, DataInputStream dis, DataOutputStream dos) { if(conn!= null) { try { conn.close(); } catch(IOException e) {} } if(dis!=null) { try { dis.close(); } catch(IOException e) {} } if(dos!=null) { try { dos.close(); } catch(IOException e) {} } }
}
import javax.microedition.lcdui.Command; import javax.microedition.lcdui.CommandListener; import javax.microedition.lcdui.Displayable; import javax.microedition.lcdui.Form; import javax.microedition.lcdui.StringItem;
/* * Created on 2004-7-6 * * TODO To change the template for this generated file go to * Window - Preferences - Java - Code Style - Code Templates */
/** * @author P2800 * * TODO To change the template for this generated type comment go to Window - * Preferences - Java - Code Style - Code Templates */ public class DisplayCanvas extends Form implements CommandListener { private UIController uicontroller; private StringItem result; private int index = 0; private boolean first = true; public static Command backCommand = new Command("Back", Command.BACK, 2);
public DisplayCanvas(UIController uicontroller) { super("Result"); this.uicontroller = uicontroller; result = new StringItem("you have input:", null); this.addCommand(backCommand); this.setCommandListener(this); }
public void init(String message) { if (first) { result.setText(message); index = this.append(result); first = false; } else { this.delete(index); result.setText(message); this.append(result); } }
/* * (non-Javadoc) * * @see javax.microedition.lcdui.CommandListener#commandAction(javax.microedition.lcdui.Command, * javax.microedition.lcdui.Displayable) */ public void commandAction(Command arg0, Displayable arg1) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub uicontroller.handleEvent(UIController.EventID.DISPLAY_BACK_TO_INPUT,null); } } |
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