SPC is applied in order tomonitor and control a process.
Monitoring and controlling the process ensures that it operates at its full potential. At its full potential, the process can makeas much conforming product as possible with a minimum (if not an elimination) of waste (rework or trash).
SPC can be applied to any process where the "conforming product" (product meeting specifications) output can be measured. Key tools used in SPC include control charts; a focus on continuous improvement; and the design of experiments. An example of a process where SPC is applied is manufacturing lines.
Six Sigma
Six Sigma is a business management strategy, originally developed by Motorola in 1986.[1][2] Six Sigma became well known after Jack Welch made it a central focus of his business strategy at General Electric in 1995,[3] and today it is widely used in many sectors of industry.
Six Sigma seeks to improve the quality of process outputs by identifying and removing the causes of defects (errors) and minimizing variability inmanufacturing and business processes.
Thematurity of a manufacturing process can be described by a sigma rating indicating itsyield or the percentage of defect-free products it creates.
A six sigma process is one in which 99.99966% of the products manufactured are statistically expected to be free of defects (3.4 defects per million).
Sigma level | DPMO | Percent defective | Percentage yield | Short-term Cpk | Long-term Cpk |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 691,462 | 69% | 31% | 0.33 | –0.17 |
2 | 308,538 | 31% | 69% | 0.67 | 0.17 |
3 | 66,807 | 6.7% | 93.3% | 1.00 | 0.5 |
4 | 6,210 | 0.62% | 99.38% | 1.33 | 0.83 |
5 | 233 | 0.023% | 99.977% | 1.67 | 1.17 |
6 | 3.4 | 0.00034% | 99.99966% | 2.00 | 1.5 |
7 | 0.019 | 0.0000019% | 99.9999981% | 2.33 | 1.83 |
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Control chart
in statistical process control aretools used to determine whether a manufacturing or business process is in a state of statistical control .控制图(Control Chart)又叫管制图,是对过程质量特性进行测定、记录、评估,从而监察过程是否处于控制状态的一种用统计方法设计的图。
图上有中心线(CL,Central Line)、上控制线(UCL,Upper Control Line)和下控制线(LCL,Lower Control Line),并有按时间顺序抽取的样本统计量数值的描点序列。UCL、CL、LCL统称为控制线(Control Line)。中心线是所控制的统计量的平均值,上下控制界限与中心线相距数倍标准差。多数的制造业应用三倍标准差控制界限,如果有充分的证据也可以使用其它控制界限。若控制图中的描点落在UCL与LCL之外或描点在UCL和LCL之间的排列不随机,则表明过程异常
1.-R控制图: 对于计量数据而言,这是常用最基本的控制图。它的控制对象为长度、重量、纯度、时间和生产量等计量值的场合。
2.-S控制图: 当样本大小n>10或12,这时应用极差估计总体标准差的效率降低,需要用S图来代替R图。
3.-R控制图: 用中位数图代替均值图。由于中位数的计算觉得,所以多用于现场需要把测定的数据直接记人控制图进行控制的场合,这时为了简便,当然规定奇数个数据。
4.-Rs,控制图: 多用于下列场合:对每一个产品都进行检验,采用自动化检查和测量的场合;取样费时、昂贵的场合以及如化工等过程,样品均匀,多抽样也无太大的意义的场合。由于它不像前三种那样能取得较多的信息,所以它判断过程变化的灵敏都也要差一些。
5.p控制图: 用于控制对象为不合格品率或合格率等计数值质量指标的场合。常见的不良率有不合格品率、废品率、交货延迟率、缺勤率、差错率等等。
6.np控制图: 用于控制对象为不合格品数的场合。由于计算不合格品率需要进行除法,比较麻烦,所以样本大小相同的情况下,用此图比较方便。
7.c控制图: 用于控制一部机器,一个部件一定的长度,一定的面积或任一定的单位中所出现的缺陷数目。
8.U控制图: 当样品的大小保持不变时可用C控制图,而当样品的大小变化时则应换算为平均每单位的缺陷数后再使用U控制图。
标准差:
标准差定义为方差的算术平方根,反映组内个体间的离散程度。也称均方差(mean square error),是各数据偏离平均数的距离的平均数,它是离均差平方和平均后的方根,用σ表示。
假设有一组数值X1,X2,X3,......Xn(皆为实数),其平均值为μ,公式如图1.
标准差也被称为 标准偏差,或者实验标准差,公式如图2。 简单来说,标准差是一组数据 平均值分散程度的一种度量。一个较大的标准差,代表大部分数值和其平均值之间差异较大;一个较小的标准差,代表这些数值较接近平均值。例如,两组数的集合 {0, 5, 9, 14} 和 {5, 6, 8, 9} 其平均值都是 7 ,但第二个集合具有较小的标准差。