Linux操作系统 - 02 Linux软件安装

Linux操作系统 - 软件安装与配置

一.使用包管理工具

  1. yum - Yellowdog Updater Modified。
    • yum search:搜索软件包,例如yum search nginx
    • yum list installed:列出已经安装的软件包,例如yum list installed | grep zlib
    • yum install:安装软件包,例如yum install nginx
    • yum remove:删除软件包,例如yum remove nginx
    • yum update:更新软件包,例如yum update可以更新所有软件包,而yum update tar只会更新tar。
    • yum check-update:检查有哪些可以更新的软件包。
    • yum info:显示软件包的相关信息,例如yum info nginx
  2. rpm - Redhat Package Manager。
    • 安装软件包:rpm -ivh <packagename>.rpm
    • 移除软件包:rpm -e <packagename>
    • 查询软件包:rpm -qa,例如可以用rpm -qa | grep mysql来检查是否安装了MySQL相关的软件包。

(1)安装Nginx为例,演示如何使用yum安装软件。

[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# yum -y install nginx
...
Installed:
  nginx.x86_64 1:1.12.2-2.el7
Dependency Installed:
  nginx-all-modules.noarch 1:1.12.2-2.el7
  nginx-mod-http-geoip.x86_64 1:1.12.2-2.el7
  nginx-mod-http-image-filter.x86_64 1:1.12.2-2.el7
  nginx-mod-http-perl.x86_64 1:1.12.2-2.el7
  nginx-mod-http-xslt-filter.x86_64 1:1.12.2-2.el7
  nginx-mod-mail.x86_64 1:1.12.2-2.el7
  nginx-mod-stream.x86_64 1:1.12.2-2.el7
Complete!
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# yum info nginx
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Installed Packages
Name        : nginx
Arch        : x86_64
Epoch       : 1
Version     : 1.12.2
Release     : 2.el7
Size        : 1.5 M
Repo        : installed
From repo   : epel
Summary     : A high performance web server and reverse proxy server
URL         : http://nginx.org/
License     : BSD
Description : Nginx is a web server and a reverse proxy server for HTTP, SMTP, POP3 and
            : IMAP protocols, with a strong focus on high concurrency, performance and low
            : memory usage.
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# nginx -v
nginx version: nginx/1.12.2

移除Nginx。

[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# nginx -s stop
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# yum -y remove nginx

(2)安装MySQL为例,演示如何使用rpm安装软件。

要安装MySQL需要先到MySQL官方网站下载对应的RPM文件,当然要选择和你使用的Linux系统对应的版本。MySQL现在是Oracle公司旗下的产品,在MySQL被收购后,MySQL的作者重新制作了一个MySQL的分支MariaDB,可以通过yum进行安装。如果要安装MySQL需要先通过yum删除mariadb-libs这个可能会跟MySQL底层库冲突的库,然后还需要安装一个名为libaio的依赖库。

[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z mysql]# ls
mysql-community-client-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-common-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-libs-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-server-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z mysql]# yum -y remove mariadb-libs
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z mysql]# yum -y install libaio
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z mysql]# ls | xargs rpm -ivh  (也可以使用rpm -ivh 包名, 依次安装)
warning: mysql-community-client-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 5072e1f5: NOKEY
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
...


(windows版本启动用:net start mysql57或者mysql -h localhost -u root -p)
使用systemctl start mysqld  

登陆是需要密码的,当不知道密码时,可采用修改配置文件设置免验证登陆
vim /etc/my.conf  : 打开mysql配置文件
skip-grant-tables : 在最后一行添加,然后保存退出
bind-address=ip地址 : ip是本机eth0的ip地址,在现实mysqld那行下面一行添加
mysql -u root -p : 登陆到输密码的地方直接回车然后就进数据库了

进去之后首先清除免验证登陆 (清除权限)
flush privileges;
确认版本
select version();

设置用户密码
alter user 'root'@'localhost' identified by '123456';

此时已经可以本机正常登陆了,但是需要远程连接还是不行的,
需要进入mysql库中user表中 root的那条数据的host的值填成‘%’
use mysql;
update user set host='%' where user='root';

退出mysql后需要把配置文件/etc/my.conf中添加的skip-grant-tables行注释,
重启mysql服务器之后就能正常远程连接了,如果不能请重启服务和检查防火墙

mysql服务启停控制命令:
systemctl start mysqld   : 开启
systemctl stop mysqld    : 停止
systemctl restart mysqld : 重启
systemctl status mysqld  : 查看状态
systemctl enable mysqld  : 开机自启动
systemctl disable mysqld : 关闭开机自启动

netstat -nap | grep 3306    查看3306端口是否开通

说明:由于MySQL和MariaDB的底层依赖库是有冲突的,所以上面我们首先用yum移除了名为mariadb-libs的依赖库并安装了名为libaio的依赖库。由于我们将安装MySQL所需的rpm文件放在一个独立的目录中,所以可以通过ls命令查看到安装文件并用xargsls的输出作为参数交给rpm -ivh来进行安装。关于MySQL和MariaDB之间的关系,可以阅读维基百科上关于MariaDB的介绍。

移除安装的MySQL。

[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# rpm -qa | grep mysql | xargs rpm -e

二.下载解压配置环境变量

(1)安装MongoDB为例,演示这类软件应该如何安装。

[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# wget https://fastdl.mongodb.org/linux/mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5.tgz
--2018-06-21 18:32:53--  https://fastdl.mongodb.org/linux/mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5.tgz
Resolving fastdl.mongodb.org (fastdl.mongodb.org)... 52.85.83.16, 52.85.83.228, 52.85.83.186, ...
Connecting to fastdl.mongodb.org (fastdl.mongodb.org)|52.85.83.16|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 100564462 (96M) [application/x-gzip]
Saving to: ‘mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5.tgz’
100%[==================================================>] 100,564,462  630KB/s   in 2m 9s
2018-06-21 18:35:04 (760 KB/s) - ‘mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5.tgz’ saved [100564462/100564462]
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# gunzip mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5.tgz
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# tar -xvf mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5.tar
mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5/README
mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5/THIRD-PARTY-NOTICES
mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5/MPL-2
mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5/GNU-AGPL-3.0
mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5/bin/mongodump
mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5/bin/mongorestore
mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5/bin/mongoexport
mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5/bin/mongoimport
mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5/bin/mongostat
mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5/bin/mongotop
mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5/bin/bsondump
mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5/bin/mongofiles
mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5/bin/mongoreplay
mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5/bin/mongoperf
mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5/bin/mongod
mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5/bin/mongos
mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5/bin/mongo
mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5/bin/install_compass
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# vim .bash_profile
...
PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin:$HOME/mongodb-linux-x86_64-rhel70-3.6.5/bin
export PATH
...
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# source .bash_profile
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# mongod --version
db version v3.6.5
git version: a20ecd3e3a174162052ff99913bc2ca9a839d618
OpenSSL version: OpenSSL 1.0.1e-fips 11 Feb 2013
allocator: tcmalloc
modules: none
build environment:
    distmod: rhel70
    distarch: x86_64
    target_arch: x86_64
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# mongo --version
MongoDB shell version v3.6.5
git version: a20ecd3e3a174162052ff99913bc2ca9a839d618
OpenSSL version: OpenSSL 1.0.1e-fips 11 Feb 2013
allocator: tcmalloc
modules: none
build environment:
    distmod: rhel70
    distarch: x86_64
    target_arch: x86_64

说明:当然也可以通过yum来安装MongoDB,具体可以参照官方网站上给出的说明。

三.源代码构建安装

(1)安装Python 3.6

[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# yum install gcc
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.5/Python-3.6.5.tgz
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# gunzip Python-3.6.5.tgz
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# tar -xvf Python-3.6.5.tar
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# cd Python-3.6.5
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python36 --enable-optimizations
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# yum -y install zlib-devel bzip2-devel openssl-devel ncurses-devel sqlite-devel readline-devel tk-devel gdbm-devel db4-devel libpcap-devel xz-devel
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# make && make install
... 配置环境变量 ...
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# ln -s /usr/local/python36/bin/python3.6 /usr/bin/python3
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# python3 --version
Python 3.6.5
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# python3 -m pip install -U pip
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# pip3 --version

(2)安装Redis-3.2.12

[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# wget http://download.redis.io/releases/redis-3.2.12.tar.gz
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# gunzip redis-3.2.12.tar.gz
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# tar -xvf redis-3.2.12.tar
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# cd redis-3.2.12
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# make && make install
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# redis-server --version
Redis server v=3.2.12 sha=00000000:0 malloc=jemalloc-4.0.3 bits=64 build=5bc5cd3c03d6ceb6
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# redis-cli --version
redis-cli 3.2.12

四.配置服务

  1. 启动服务。

    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# systemctl start firewalld
  2. 终止服务。

    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
  3. 重启服务。

    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# systemctl restart firewalld
  4. 查看服务。

    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# systemctl status firewalld
  5. 设置是否开机自启。

    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# systemctl enable firewalld
    Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service.
    Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service.
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# systemctl disable firewalld
    Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
    Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.

五.计划任务

  1. crontab命令。
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# crontab -e
    * * * * * echo "hello, world!" >> /root/hello.txt
    59 23 * * * rm -f /root/*.log

    说明:输入crontab -e命令会打开vim来编辑Cron表达式并指定触发的任务,上面我们定制了两个计划任务,一个是每分钟向/root目录下的hello.txt中追加输出hello, world!;另一个是每天23时59分执行删除/root目录下以log为后缀名的文件。如果不知道Cron表达式如何书写,可以参照/etc/crontab文件中的提示(下面会讲到)或者用谷歌或百度搜索一下,也可以使用Cron表达式在线生成器来生成Cron表达式。

  2. crontab相关文件。
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# cd /etc
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z etc]# ls -l | grep cron
    -rw-------.  1 root root      541 Aug  3  2017 anacrontab
    drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root     4096 Mar 27 11:56 cron.d
    drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root     4096 Mar 27 11:51 cron.daily
    -rw-------.  1 root root        0 Aug  3  2017 cron.deny
    drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root     4096 Mar 27 11:50 cron.hourly
    drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root     4096 Jun 10  2014 cron.monthly
    -rw-r--r--   1 root root      493 Jun 23 15:09 crontab
    drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root     4096 Jun 10  2014 cron.weekly
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z etc]# vim crontab
     1 SHELL=/bin/bash
     2 PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
     3 MAILTO=root
     4
     5 # For details see man 4 crontabs
     6
     7 # Example of job definition:
     8 # .---------------- minute (0 - 59)
     9 # |  .------------- hour (0 - 23)
    10 # |  |  .---------- day of month (1 - 31)
    11 # |  |  |  .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr ...
    12 # |  |  |  |  .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat
    13 # |  |  |  |  |
    14 # *  *  *  *  * user-name  command to be executed

    通过修改/etc目录下的crontab文件也能够定制计划任务。

六.网络访问和管理

  1. 通过网络获取资源 - wget

    • -b 后台下载模式
    • -O 下载到指定的目录
    • -r 递归下载
  2. 显示/操作网络配置(旧) - ifconfig
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# ifconfig eth0
    eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
           inet 172.18.61.250  netmask 255.255.240.0  broadcast 172.18.63.255
           ether 00:16:3e:02:b6:46  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
           RX packets 1067841  bytes 1296732947 (1.2 GiB)
           RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
           TX packets 409912  bytes 43569163 (41.5 MiB)
           TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 
  3. 显示/操作网络配置(新) - ip

    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# ip address
    1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1
       link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
       inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
          valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
       link/ether 00:16:3e:02:b6:46 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
       inet 172.18.61.250/20 brd 172.18.63.255 scope global eth0
          valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
  4. 网络可达性检查 - ping
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# ping www.baidu.com -c 3
    PING www.a.shifen.com (220.181.111.188) 56(84) bytes of data.
    64 bytes from 220.181.111.188 (220.181.111.188): icmp_seq=1 ttl=51 time=36.3 ms
    64 bytes from 220.181.111.188 (220.181.111.188): icmp_seq=2 ttl=51 time=36.4 ms
    64 bytes from 220.181.111.188 (220.181.111.188): icmp_seq=3 ttl=51 time=36.4 ms
    --- www.a.shifen.com ping statistics ---
    3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2002ms
    rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 36.392/36.406/36.427/0.156 ms
  5. 查看网络服务和端口 - netstat
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# netstat -nap | grep nginx
  6. 安全文件拷贝 - scp
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# scp root@1.2.3.4:/root/guido.jpg hellokitty@4.3.2.1:/home/hellokitty/pic.jpg
  7. 安全文件传输 - sftp
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# sftp root@120.77.222.217
    root@120.77.222.217's password:
    Connected to 120.77.222.217.
    sftp>
    • help:显示帮助信息。

    • ls/lls:显示远端/本地目录列表。

    • cd/lcd:切换远端/本地路径。

    • mkdir/lmkdir:创建远端/本地目录。

    • pwd/lpwd:显示远端/本地当前工作目录。

    • get:下载文件。

    • put:上传文件。

    • rm:删除远端文件。

    • bye/exit/quit:退出sftp。

七.进程管理

  1. ps - 查询进程。
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# ps -ef
    UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
    root         1     0  0 Jun23 ?        00:00:05 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 21
    root         2     0  0 Jun23 ?        00:00:00 [kthreadd]
    ...
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# ps -ef | grep mysqld
    root      4943  4581  0 22:45 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto mysqld
    mysql    25257     1  0 Jun25 ?        00:00:39 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
  2. kill - 终止进程。
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# kill 1234
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# kill -9 1234

    例子:用一条命令强制终止正在运行的Redis进程。

    
    ps -ef | grep redis | grep -v grep | awk '{print $2}' | xargs kill
  3. 将进程置于后台运行。
    • Ctrl+Z
    • &
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# mongod &
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# redis-server
    ...
    ^Z
    [4]+  Stopped                 redis-server
  4. jobs - 查询后台进程。
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# jobs
    [2]   Running                 mongod &
    [3]-  Stopped                 cat
    [4]+  Stopped                 redis-server
  5. bg - 让进程在后台继续运行。
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# bg %4
    [4]+ redis-server &
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# jobs
    [2]   Running                 mongod &
    [3]+  Stopped                 cat
    [4]-  Running                 redis-server &
  6. fg - 将后台进程置于前台。
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# fg %4
    redis-server
    ^C5554:signal-handler (1530025281) Received SIGINT scheduling shutdown...
    5554:M 26 Jun 23:01:21.413 # User requested shutdown...
    5554:M 26 Jun 23:01:21.413 * Saving the final RDB snapshot before exiting.
    5554:M 26 Jun 23:01:21.415 * DB saved on disk
    5554:M 26 Jun 23:01:21.415 # Redis is now ready to exit, bye bye...

    说明:置于前台的进程可以使用Ctrl+C来终止它。

  7. top - 进程监控。
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# top
    top - 23:04:23 up 3 days, 14:10,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05
    Tasks:  65 total,   1 running,  64 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
    %Cpu(s):  0.3 us,  0.3 sy,  0.0 ni, 99.3 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
    KiB Mem :  1016168 total,   191060 free,   324700 used,   500408 buff/cache
    KiB Swap:        0 total,        0 free,        0 used.   530944 avail Mem
    ...

八.系统性能

  1. 查看系统活动信息 - sar
  2. 查看内存使用情况 - free
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# free
                 total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
    Mem:        1016168      323924      190452         356      501792      531800
    Swap:             0           0           0
  3. 查看进程使用内存状况 - pmap
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# ps
     PID TTY          TIME CMD
    4581 pts/0    00:00:00 bash
    5664 pts/0    00:00:00 ps
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# pmap 4581
    4581:   -bash
    0000000000400000    884K r-x-- bash
    00000000006dc000      4K r---- bash
    00000000006dd000     36K rw--- bash
    00000000006e6000     24K rw---   [ anon ]
    0000000001de0000    400K rw---   [ anon ]
    00007f82fe805000     48K r-x-- libnss_files-2.17.so
    00007f82fe811000   2044K ----- libnss_files-2.17.so
    ...
  4. 报告设备CPU和I/O统计信息 - iostat
    [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# iostat
    Linux 3.10.0-693.11.1.el7.x86_64 (iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z)      06/26/2018      _x86_64_       (1 CPU)
    avg-cpu:  %user   %nice %system %iowait  %steal   %idle
              0.79    0.00    0.20    0.04    0.00   98.97
    Device:            tps    kB_read/s    kB_wrtn/s    kB_read    kB_wrtn
    vda               0.85         6.78        21.32    2106565    6623024
    vdb               0.00         0.01         0.00       2088          0
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