Django Restful Framework 解析器关键源码剖析

可以先了解在原生Django中的as_view()方法，在调用的时候发生的一系列流程。

在DRF中，视图类继承了APIView，在APIView类里面，

class BookView(APIView):
    def get(self,request):
    pass
    def post(self,request):
    pass
----------------------------
class APIView(View):
    renderer_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES
    parser_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES
    authentication_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES
    throttle_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES
    permission_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES
    content_negotiation_class = api_settings.DEFAULT_CONTENT_NEGOTIATION_CLASS
    metadata_class = api_settings.DEFAULT_METADATA_CLASS
    versioning_class = api_settings.DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS

   @classmethod
    def as_view(cls, **initkwargs):
        ...
        view = super(APIView, cls).as_view(**initkwargs)
        view.cls = cls
        view.initkwargs = initkwargs
        return csrf_exempt(view) 

当用户的url请求到达时，BookView.as_view()中的view函数被执行，就是代码中APIView中的as_view方法返回的 csrf_exempt(view)，这样看来最关键的代码在于：

view = super(APIView, cls).as_view(**initkwargs)

注意代码中的cls指的是BookView类实例化的对象，super方法去寻找APIView继承的View类中的as_view方法。

class View:
    """
    Intentionally simple parent class for all views. Only implements
    dispatch-by-method and simple sanity checking.
    """

    http_method_names = ['get', 'post', 'put', 'patch', 'delete', 'head', 'options', 'trace']

    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        """
        Constructor. Called in the URLconf; can contain helpful extra
        keyword arguments, and other things.
        """
        # Go through keyword arguments, and either save their values to our
        # instance, or raise an error.
        for key, value in kwargs.items():
            setattr(self, key, value)

    @classonlymethod
    def as_view(cls, **initkwargs):
        """Main entry point for a request-response process."""
    ...
        def view(request, *args, **kwargs):
            self = cls(**initkwargs)
            if hasattr(self, 'get') and not hasattr(self, 'head'):
                self.head = self.get
            self.setup(request, *args, **kwargs)
            if not hasattr(self, 'request'):
                raise AttributeError(
                    "%s instance has no 'request' attribute. Did you override "
                    "setup() and forget to call super()?" % cls.__name__
                )
            return self.dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
        view.view_class = cls
        view.view_initkwargs = initkwargs
    ...
    def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # Try to dispatch to the right method; if a method doesn't exist,
        # defer to the error handler. Also defer to the error handler if the
        # request method isn't on the approved list.
        if request.method.lower() in self.http_method_names:
            handler = getattr(self, request.method.lower(), self.http_method_not_allowed)
        else:
            handler = self.http_method_not_allowed
        return handler(request, *args, **kwargs)

在原生的View类中，as_view方法内部自定义了一个view方法，view方法调用了self.dispatch方法，而紧接着在下面，就是dispatch方法的定义，但是要时刻注意，这里的self仍是BookView类实例化的对象，要注意根据继承的语法寻找：

先找局部，再找全局，最后找默认。

在BookView中我们没有定义dispatch方法，那么在APIView里面呢？APIView里面有的，也就是说：APIView重写了dispatch方法，在调用的时候，self.dispatch并没有调用原生view下面的dispatch方法，而是调用了APIView中的dispatch方法。

    def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        `.dispatch()` is pretty much the same as Django's regular dispatch,
        but with extra hooks for startup, finalize, and exception handling.
        """
        self.args = args
        self.kwargs = kwargs
        request = self.initialize_request(request, *args, **kwargs)
        self.request = request
        self.headers = self.default_response_headers  # deprecate?

        try:
            self.initial(request, *args, **kwargs)

            # Get the appropriate handler method
            if request.method.lower() in self.http_method_names:
                handler = getattr(self, request.method.lower(),
                                  self.http_method_not_allowed)
            else:
                handler = self.http_method_not_allowed

            response = handler(request, *args, **kwargs)

        except Exception as exc:
            response = self.handle_exception(exc)

        self.response = self.finalize_response(request, response, *args, **kwargs)
        return self.response

那么重写的dispatch和原来的dispatch方法有什么不同呢？

重点是有2句发生了变化：

request = self.initialize_request(request, *args, **kwargs)
...
self.initial(request, *args, **kwargs)

 先看第一句：request被重写了，因此要看下self.initialize_request 是在做什么。

这个函数也是在class APIView中定义的。

    def initialize_request(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Returns the initial request object.
        """
        parser_context = self.get_parser_context(request)

        return Request(
            request,
            parsers=self.get_parsers(),
            authenticators=self.get_authenticators(),
            negotiator=self.get_content_negotiator(),
            parser_context=parser_context
        )

Request应该是一个处理request的类。

class Request(object):
    """
    Wrapper allowing to enhance a standard `HttpRequest` instance.

    Kwargs:
        - request(HttpRequest). The original request instance.
        - parsers_classes(list/tuple). The parsers to use for parsing the
          request content.
        - authentication_classes(list/tuple). The authentications used to try
          authenticating the request's user.
    """

    def __init__(self, request, parsers=None, authenticators=None,
                 negotiator=None, parser_context=None):
        assert isinstance(request, HttpRequest), (
            'The `request` argument must be an instance of '
            '`django.http.HttpRequest`, not `{}.{}`.'
            .format(request.__class__.__module__, request.__class__.__name__)
        )

        self._request = request
        self.parsers = parsers or ()
        self.authenticators = authenticators or ()
        self.negotiator = negotiator or self._default_negotiator()
        self.parser_context = parser_context
        self._data = Empty
        self._files = Empty
        self._full_data = Empty
        self._content_type = Empty
        self._stream = Empty

        if self.parser_context is None:
            self.parser_context = {}
        self.parser_context['request'] = self
        self.parser_context['encoding'] = request.encoding or settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET

...
    @property
    def data(self):
        if not _hasattr(self, '_full_data'):
            self._load_data_and_files()
        return self._full_data

 以解析器为例，get_parsers也是APIView下面的定义的一个方法

    def get_parsers(self):
        """
        Instantiates and returns the list of parsers that this view can use.
        """
        return [parser() for parser in self.parser_classes]

时刻要牢记self的寻找路径，这里的self.get_parsers中的self还是BookView()的实例化对象，因此如果在BookView()里面要是直接定义了parser_class=[JSONParser]，那么这里返回的就是JsonParser，如果没有定义，就要进一步找下去：

在APIView开头就定义了

parser_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES

那么api_settings又是个啥呢？DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES看起来像是api_settings的属性，继续往下找：

api_settings = APISettings(None, DEFAULTS, IMPORT_STRINGS)
...
DEFAULTS = {
    # Base API policies
    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (
        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',
        'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer',
    ),
    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (
        'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser',
        'rest_framework.parsers.FormParser',
        'rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser'
    ),
    'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': (
        'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication',
        'rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication'
    ),
    'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': (
        'rest_framework.permissions.AllowAny',
    ),
    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': (),
    'DEFAULT_CONTENT_NEGOTIATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.negotiation.DefaultContentNegotiation',
    'DEFAULT_METADATA_CLASS': 'rest_framework.metadata.SimpleMetadata',
    'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS': None,

    # Generic view behavior
    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': None,
    'DEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS': (),

    # Schema
    'DEFAULT_SCHEMA_CLASS': 'rest_framework.schemas.AutoSchema',

    # Throttling
    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
        'user': None,
        'anon': None,
    },
    'NUM_PROXIES': None,

    # Pagination
    'PAGE_SIZE': None,

    # Filtering
    'SEARCH_PARAM': 'search',
    'ORDERING_PARAM': 'ordering',

    # Versioning
    'DEFAULT_VERSION': None,
    'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': None,
    'VERSION_PARAM': 'version',

    # Authentication
    'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': 'django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser',
    'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': None,

    # View configuration
    'VIEW_NAME_FUNCTION': 'rest_framework.views.get_view_name',
    'VIEW_DESCRIPTION_FUNCTION': 'rest_framework.views.get_view_description',

    # Exception handling
    'EXCEPTION_HANDLER': 'rest_framework.views.exception_handler',
    'NON_FIELD_ERRORS_KEY': 'non_field_errors',

    # Testing
    'TEST_REQUEST_RENDERER_CLASSES': (
        'rest_framework.renderers.MultiPartRenderer',
        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer'
    ),
    'TEST_REQUEST_DEFAULT_FORMAT': 'multipart',

    # Hyperlink settings
    'URL_FORMAT_OVERRIDE': 'format',
    'FORMAT_SUFFIX_KWARG': 'format',
    'URL_FIELD_NAME': 'url',

    # Input and output formats
    'DATE_FORMAT': ISO_8601,
    'DATE_INPUT_FORMATS': (ISO_8601,),

    'DATETIME_FORMAT': ISO_8601,
    'DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS': (ISO_8601,),

    'TIME_FORMAT': ISO_8601,
    'TIME_INPUT_FORMATS': (ISO_8601,),

    # Encoding
    'UNICODE_JSON': True,
    'COMPACT_JSON': True,
    'STRICT_JSON': True,
    'COERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING': True,
    'UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL': True,

    # Browseable API
    'HTML_SELECT_CUTOFF': 1000,
    'HTML_SELECT_CUTOFF_TEXT': "More than {count} items...",

    # Schemas
    'SCHEMA_COERCE_PATH_PK': True,
    'SCHEMA_COERCE_METHOD_NAMES': {
        'retrieve': 'read',
        'destroy': 'delete'
    },
}
...
class APISettings(object):
    """
    A settings object, that allows API settings to be accessed as properties.
    For example:

        from rest_framework.settings import api_settings
        print(api_settings.DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES)

    Any setting with string import paths will be automatically resolved
    and return the class, rather than the string literal.
    """
    def __init__(self, user_settings=None, defaults=None, import_strings=None):
        if user_settings:
            self._user_settings = self.__check_user_settings(user_settings)
        self.defaults = defaults or DEFAULTS
        self.import_strings = import_strings or IMPORT_STRINGS
        self._cached_attrs = set()

    @property
    def user_settings(self):
        if not hasattr(self, '_user_settings'):
            self._user_settings = getattr(settings, 'REST_FRAMEWORK', {})
        return self._user_settings

    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        if attr not in self.defaults:
            raise AttributeError("Invalid API setting: '%s'" % attr)

        try:
            # Check if present in user settings
            val = self.user_settings[attr]
        except KeyError:
            # Fall back to defaults
            val = self.defaults[attr]

        # Coerce import strings into classes
        if attr in self.import_strings:
            val = perform_import(val, attr)

        # Cache the result
        self._cached_attrs.add(attr)
        setattr(self, attr, val)
        return val

DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES这个attr并没有在APISettings代码中定义，因此会进入__getattr__这个函数

        try:
            # Check if present in user settings
            val = self.user_settings[attr]
        except KeyError:
            # Fall back to defaults
            val = self.defaults[attr]

 

def user_settings(self):
        if not hasattr(self, '_user_settings'):
            self._user_settings = getattr(settings, 'REST_FRAMEWORK', {})

如果在settings里面有‘REST_FRAMEWORK’，则去取值，如果没有，则为空字典。

在空字典里面取值是会报错的，因此进入了keyerror，那么在self.defaults里面，还是有‘DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES’这个attr的。

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (
        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',
        'rest_framework.renderers.TemplateHTMLRenderer',
    )
    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': (
        'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser',
        'rest_framework.parsers.FormParser',
        'rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser'
    )
}

经过上面的分析，我们其是可以知道：

1. 继承的类的使用方法就是覆盖重写
2. 继承的类的寻找方法就是从局部到全局再到默认
3. 时刻记住self指向的是谁，是调用者，在本文中是BookView的实例化对象