C++面经

1. placement new

normal new

1. allocates memory
2. constructs an object in allocated memory

placement new

1. seperate above two things
2. we can pass a pre-allocated memory and construct an object in the passed memory
3. new allocates memory in heap, whereas placement new can be done at known address

2. virtual function

1. cannot be static
2. used to achieve runtime polymorphism
3. there is virtual destructor but there is no virtual constructor

how does the compiler perform runtime resolution?

1. vtable: a table of function pointers, maintained per class
2. vptr: a pointer to vtable, maintained per object instance

3. inline function

1. the compiler places a copy of inline function at each point where it is called
2. function call overhead does not occur 不会产生函数调用开销
3. 只有当编译器知道对象的确切类型时虚调函数才能被内联

4. smart pointer

1. Java和C#的Garbage Collection Mechanisms
2. a smart pointer is a wrapper class over a pointer with an operator like * and -> overloaded

5. b-tree, b+ tree

1. the main idea of using B-Trees is to reduce the number of disk accesses
2. most of the tree operations require O(h) disk accesses where h is the height of the tree
3. B-tree is a fat tree, the height of B-Trees is kept low by putting maximum possible keys in a B-Tree node
4. B+ tree: all keys are at leaf nodes

6. udp and tcp

tcp

1. the communicating devices should establish a connection before transmitting data and should close the connection after transmitting the data
2. guarantees the delivery of data
3. flow control and acknowledgment of data
4. packets arrive in order
5. slower

udp

1. there is no overhead for opening a connection, maintaining a connection, and terminating a connection
2. no guarantees the delivery of data
3. only checksum
4. no sequencing of data
5. faster