Java volatile 示例及扩展

public class VolatileTest {

    private static boolean stop = false;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Thread thread = new Thread(() -> {
            System.out.println("start");
            long i = 0;
            System.out.println("i:" + i);
            while (!stop){
                i++;
            }

            System.out.println("stop;i:" + i);
        }, "volatileTestThread");
        thread.start();
        System.out.println("set stop start");
        stop = true;
        System.out.println("set stop end");
    }
}

结果： 

set stop start
set stop end
start
i:0
stop;i:0

 volatileTestThread还没有开始，main线程就执行到stop = true了，所以加上main线程休眠继续测试。

public class VolatileTest {

    private static boolean stop = false;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Thread thread = new Thread(() -> {
            System.out.println("start");
            long i = 0;
            System.out.println("i:" + i);
            while (!stop){
                i++;
            }

            System.out.println("stop;i:" + i);
        }, "volatileTestThread");
        thread.start();

        try {
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        System.out.println("set stop start");
        stop = true;
        System.out.println("set stop end");
    }
}

结果：

start
i:0
set stop start
set stop end

如果stop没有volatile修饰，volatileTestThread不会终止。stop加上volatile修饰继续测试。

public class VolatileTest {

    private static volatile boolean stop = false;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Thread thread = new Thread(() -> {
            System.out.println("start");
            long i = 0;
            System.out.println("i:" + i);
            while (!stop){
                i++;
            }

            System.out.println("stop;i:" + i);
        }, "volatileTestThread");
        thread.start();

        try {
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        System.out.println("set stop start");
        stop = true;
        System.out.println("set stop end");
    }
}

结果：

start
i:0
set stop start
set stop end
stop;i:-1320028603

 volatile保证了线程volatileTestThread对stop的可见性。

示例中while循环被终止了。i最终为负值，是因为i曾经加到Integer.MAX_VALUE，再加1就会成为最小值（-2147483648），然后继续加，还没加到0就stop为true退出循环了。请看示例：

        int ii = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
        // 2147483647
        System.out.println(ii); 
        ii++;
        // -2147483648
        System.out.println(ii);
        // true
        System.out.println(ii == Integer.MIN_VALUE);
        // -2147483647
        ii++;
        System.out.println(ii);

 扩展一下（即使不加volatile也能终止volatileTestThread的多种方式）：

（1）启动参数（VM options）设置-Djava.compiler=NONE，关闭JIT编译器。

（2）循环体中有释放锁的操作，同步主内存。比如：

           while (!stop){
                i++;
                // println里面有同步代码块
                System.out.println(i);
            }

或：

            while (!stop){
                i++;
                // 同步代码块
                synchronized (VolatileTest.class){
                }
            }

（3）循环体中有IO操作：

            while (!stop) {
                i++;
                new File("test.txt");
            }

（4）循环体中线程sleep或者yield，CPU时间片切换：

            while (!stop) {
                i++;
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(0);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }

            while (!stop) {
                i++;
                Thread.yield();
            }

（5）循环体中的i被volatile修饰：

public class VolatileTest {

    private static boolean stop = false;
    
    private static volatile int i = 0;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Thread thread = new Thread(() -> {
            System.out.println("start");
            while (!stop) {
                i++;
            }

            System.out.println("stop;i:" + i);
        }, "volatileTestThread");
        thread.start();

        try {
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        System.out.println("set stop start");
        stop = true;
        System.out.println("set stop end");
    }
}