Spring Cloud系列之负载均衡：Ribbon

        <dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-ribbon</artifactId>
		</dependency>

eureka的依赖中就有Ribbon，所以引入了eureka就引入了ribbon。

@Bean
@LoadBalanced
public RestTemplate restTemplate() {
    return new RestTemplate(new OkHttp3ClientHttpRequestFactory());
}

@Service
public class ConsumerService {

    @Autowired
    private RestTemplate restTemplate;

    @Autowired
    private DiscoveryClient discoveryClient;

    public List<User> queryUserByIds(List<Long> ids) {
        List<User> users = new ArrayList<>();
        // 地址直接写服务名称即可
        String baseUrl = "http://user-service/user/";
        ids.forEach(id -> {
            // 我们测试多次查询，
            users.add(this.restTemplate.getForObject(baseUrl + id, User.class));
            // 每次间隔500毫秒
            try {
                Thread.sleep(500);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        });
        return users;
    }
}

根据服务名称进行了负载均衡，选取了服务实例。底层依靠：LoadBalancerInterceptor implements ClientHttpRequestInterceptor拦截请求。

@Override
	public ClientHttpResponse intercept(final HttpRequest request, final byte[] body,
			final ClientHttpRequestExecution execution) throws IOException {
		final URI originalUri = request.getURI();
		String serviceName = originalUri.getHost();
		Assert.state(serviceName != null, "Request URI does not contain a valid hostname: " + originalUri);
		return this.loadBalancer.execute(serviceName, requestFactory.createRequest(request, body, execution));
	}

 然后到RibbonLoadBalancerClient implements LoadBalancerClient：

	@Override
	public <T> T execute(String serviceId, LoadBalancerRequest<T> request) throws IOException {
		ILoadBalancer loadBalancer = getLoadBalancer(serviceId);
		Server server = getServer(loadBalancer);
		if (server == null) {
			throw new IllegalStateException("No instances available for " + serviceId);
		}
		RibbonServer ribbonServer = new RibbonServer(serviceId, server, isSecure(server,
				serviceId), serverIntrospector(serviceId).getMetadata(server));

		return execute(serviceId, ribbonServer, request);
	}

	protected Server getServer(ILoadBalancer loadBalancer) {
		if (loadBalancer == null) {
			return null;
		}
		return loadBalancer.chooseServer("default"); // TODO: better handling of key
	}

默认走BaseLoadBalancer：

    public Server chooseServer(Object key) {
        if (this.counter == null) {
            this.counter = this.createCounter();
        }

        this.counter.increment();
        if (this.rule == null) {
            return null;
        } else {
            try {
                return this.rule.choose(key);
            } catch (Exception var3) {
                logger.warn("LoadBalancer [{}]:  Error choosing server for key {}", new Object[]{this.name, key, var3});
                return null;
            }
        }
    }

IRule即负载均衡的规则，默认轮询：RoundRobinRule： 

public class BaseLoadBalancer extends AbstractLoadBalancer implements PrimeConnectionListener, IClientConfigAware {
    private static final IRule DEFAULT_RULE = new RoundRobinRule();

 RoundRobinRule：

    public Server choose(ILoadBalancer lb, Object key) {
        if (lb == null) {
            log.warn("no load balancer");
            return null;
        }

        Server server = null;
        int count = 0;
        while (server == null && count++ < 10) {
            List<Server> reachableServers = lb.getReachableServers();
            List<Server> allServers = lb.getAllServers();
            int upCount = reachableServers.size();
            int serverCount = allServers.size();

            if ((upCount == 0) || (serverCount == 0)) {
                log.warn("No up servers available from load balancer: " + lb);
                return null;
            }

            int nextServerIndex = incrementAndGetModulo(serverCount);
            server = allServers.get(nextServerIndex);

            if (server == null) {
                /* Transient. */
                Thread.yield();
                continue;
            }

            if (server.isAlive() && (server.isReadyToServe())) {
                return (server);
            }

            // Next.
            server = null;
        }

        if (count >= 10) {
            log.warn("No available alive servers after 10 tries from load balancer: "
                    + lb);
        }
        return server;
    }

    /**
     * Inspired by the implementation of {@link AtomicInteger#incrementAndGet()}.
     *
     * @param modulo The modulo to bound the value of the counter.
     * @return The next value.
     */
    private int incrementAndGetModulo(int modulo) {
        for (;;) {
            int current = nextServerCyclicCounter.get();
            int next = (current + 1) % modulo;
            if (nextServerCyclicCounter.compareAndSet(current, next))
                return next;
        }
    }

    @Override
    public Server choose(Object key) {
        return choose(getLoadBalancer(), key);
    }

yml中修改负载均衡算法： 

user-service: # 服务名称
  ribbon:
    NFLoadBalancerRuleClassName: com.netflix.loadbalancer.RandomRule

重试机制

Eureka的服务治理强调了CAP原则中的AP，即可用性和可靠性。它与Zookeeper这一类强调CP（一致性，可靠性）的服务治理框架最大的区别在于：Eureka为了实现更高的服务可用性，牺牲了一定的一致性，极端情况下它宁愿接收故障实例也不愿丢掉健康实例，正如我们上面所说的自我保护机制。

但是，此时如果我们调用了这些不正常的服务，调用就会失败，从而导致其它服务不能正常工作！这显然不是我们愿意看到的。

我们现在关闭一个端口8080的user-service实例。

因为服务剔除的延迟，consumer并不会立即得到最新的服务列表，还是访问8080的user-service实例，此时再次访问你会得到错误提示。

但是此时，端口8081的user-service实例其实是正常的。

因此Spring Cloud 整合了Spring Retry 来增强RestTemplate的重试能力，当一次服务调用失败后，不会立即抛出异常，而是再次重试另一个服务实例。

只需要简单配置即可实现Ribbon的重试：

spring:
  cloud:
    loadbalancer:
      retry:
        enabled: true # 开启Spring Cloud的重试功能
user-service:
  ribbon:
    ConnectTimeout: 250 # Ribbon的连接超时时间
    ReadTimeout: 1000 # Ribbon的数据读取超时时间
    OkToRetryOnAllOperations: true # 是否对所有操作都进行重试
    MaxAutoRetriesNextServer: 1 # 切换实例的重试次数
    MaxAutoRetries: 1 # 对当前实例的重试次数

根据如上配置，当访问到某个服务超时后，它会再次尝试访问下一个服务实例，如果不行就再换一个实例，如果不行，则返回失败。切换次数取决于MaxAutoRetriesNextServer参数的值。

引入spring-retry依赖

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.retry</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-retry</artifactId>
</dependency>

我们重启user-consumer-demo，测试，发现即使user-service2宕机，也能通过另一台服务实例获取到结果！