多态概述
多态是C++面向对象三大特性之一
多态分为两类:
静态多态 | 动态多态 |
---|---|
函数重载和运算符重载属于静态多态,复用函数名 | 派生类和虚函数实现运行时多态 |
静态多态的函数地址早绑定 | 动态多态的函数地址晚绑定 |
示例:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//动物类
class Animal
{
public://虚函数
virtual void speak()
{
cout << "Animal在说话" << endl;
}
};
//猫类
class Cat :public Animal//继承父类
{
public:
void speak()
{
cout << "小猫在说话" << endl;
}
};
//所以不管传什么都会调用父类的speak函数
//要想调用子类的speak函数,就必须让父类的地址晚绑定
void doSpeak(Animal &animal)//以动物类接受 在C++中子类与父类可以相互转换 等价于Animal &animal=cat
{
//父类的函数地址早绑定,子类的函数地址晚绑定
animal.speak();//加入virtual后,此speak函数没有先绑定,会随传入对象的不同而调用不同对象的函数,形成多态
}
void test()
{
Cat cat;
doSpeak(cat);//传入猫类
}
int main()
{
test();
return 0;
}
//运行结果为小猫在说话
多态所需满足条件:
1.有继承关系
2.子类重写父类中的虚函数
3.多态使用条件
4.父类指针或引用指向子类对象
重写:函数返回值类型 函数名 参数列表 完全一致称为重写
多态案例一-计算器类
不用多态时:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include<string>
class Calculator
{
public:
int getResult(string a)
{
if (a =="+")
return m_num1 + m_num2;
if (a == "-")
return m_num1 - m_num2;
if (a == "*")
return m_num1 * m_num2;
if (a == "/")
return m_num1 / m_num2;
}
int m_num1;
int m_num2;
};
void test()
{
Calculator c;
c.m_num1 = 10;
c.m_num2 = 10;
cout << "num1+num2=" << c.getResult("+") << endl;
cout << "num1-num2=" << c.getResult("-") << endl;
cout << "num1*num2=" << c.getResult("*") << endl;
cout << "num1/num2=" << c.getResult("/") << endl;
}
int main()
{
test();
return 0;
}
用多态实现时:
//实现计算器的抽象类
class AbstractCalculator
{
public:
virtual int getResult()
{
return 0;
}
int m_num1;
int m_num2;
};
//加法计算器类
class AddCalculator :public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
int getResult()
{
return m_num1 + m_num2;
}
};
class SubCalculator :public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
int getResult()
{
return m_num1 - m_num2;
}
};
class MulCalculator :public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
int getResult()
{
return m_num1 * m_num2;
}
};
void test()
{ //父类指针或引用指向子类
//加法运算
AbstractCalculator *abc = new AddCalculator;
abc->m_num1 =10;
abc->m_num2 =10;
cout << abc->m_num1 << " + " << abc->m_num2 << " = " << abc->getResult() << endl;
delete abc;
//减法运算
abc = new SubCalculator;
abc->m_num1 = 10;
abc->m_num2 = 10;
cout << abc->m_num1 << " - " << abc->m_num2 << " = " << abc->getResult() << endl;
delete abc;
//乘法运算
abc = new MulCalculator;
abc->m_num1 = 10;
abc->m_num2 = 10;
cout << abc->m_num1 << " * " << abc->m_num2 << " = " << abc->getResult() << endl;
delete abc;
}
int main()
{
test();
return 0;
}
可以明显看出多态的优点:
1.代码组织结构清晰
2.可读性强
3.后期修改时不用改动原代码,利于维护
纯虚函数和抽象类
在多态中父类的虚函数的实现是无意义的,所以我们可以将它改成纯虚函数
纯虚函数语法:virtual 返回值类型 函数名 (参数列表)= 0 ;
当类中有了纯虚函数,这个类也称为抽象类
抽象类特点:
无法实例化对象
子类必须重写抽象类中的纯虚函数,否则也属于抽象类
示例:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Dad
{
public:
virtual void fun() = 0;//纯虚函数
};
class Son:public Dad
{
virtual void fun()//必须重写父类纯虚函数
{
cout << "子类:fun函数调用" << endl;
}
};
void test()
{
Dad*d = new Son;//父类指针或引用指向子类对象
d->fun();//调用子类fun函数
}
int main()
{
test();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
多态案例二-不同同学的一天课程
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//创建父类
class onedaycourse
{
public:
virtual void Fcourse() = 0;
virtual void Scourse() = 0;
virtual void Tcourse() = 0;
virtual void Focourse() = 0;
void print()//打印课程
{
Fcourse();
Scourse();
Tcourse();
Focourse();
}
};
class zhangsan :public onedaycourse
{
public:
virtual void Fcourse()
{
cout << "高等数学" << endl;
}
virtual void Scourse()
{
cout << "中国近代史" << endl;
}
virtual void Tcourse()
{
cout << "大学物理" << endl;
}
virtual void Focourse()
{
cout << "没课" << endl;
}
};
class lisi :public onedaycourse
{
public:
virtual void Fcourse()
{
cout << "大学物理" << endl;
}
virtual void Scourse()
{
cout << "中国近代史" << endl;
}
virtual void Tcourse()
{
cout << "高等数学" << endl;
}
virtual void Focourse()
{
cout << "离散结构" << endl;
}
};
class wangwu :public onedaycourse
{
public:
virtual void Fcourse()
{
cout << "没课" << endl;
}
virtual void Scourse()
{
cout << "美国文化概要" << endl;
}
virtual void Tcourse()
{
cout << "羽毛球" << endl;
}
virtual void Focourse()
{
cout << "没课" << endl;
}
};
//父类对象指针指向子类
void test2(onedaycourse*a)//onedaycourse*a=zhangsan;
{
a->print();
delete a;//释放a指向的空间
}
void test()
{
cout << "zhangsan的课是" << endl;
test2(new zhangsan);
cout << "-------------------- "<< endl;
cout << "lisi的课是" << endl;
test2(new lisi);
cout << "-------------------- " << endl;
cout << "wangwu的课是" << endl;
test2(new wangwu);
cout << "-------------------- " << endl;
}
int main()
{
test();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
运行结果:
虚析构和纯虚析构
多态使用时,如果子类中有属性开辟到堆区,那么父类指针在释放时无法调用到子类的析构代码
解决方式:将父类中的析构函数改为虚析构或者纯虚析构
虚析构和纯虚析构共性:
1.可以解决父类指针释放子类对象
2.都需要有具体的函数实现
虚析构和纯虚析构区别:
如果是纯虚析构,该类属于抽象类,无法实例化对象
虚析构语法:
virtual ~类名(){}
纯虚析构语法:
virtual ~类名() = 0;
类名::~类名(){}
示例:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include<string>
class Animal
{
public:
Animal()
{
cout << "Animal构造函数调用" << endl;
}
virtual void speak() = 0;
//虚析构与纯虚析构都是解决子类中的代码调用问题
//使用虚析构或纯虚析构主要是为了释放子类在堆区开辟的空间,防止内存泄漏
//虚析构
/*virtual ~Animal()
{
cout << "Animal析构函数调用" << endl;
}*/
//纯虚析构 虚构与纯虚析构必须有具体代码实现 需要声明需要实现
virtual ~Animal() = 0;
};
Animal::~Animal()
{
cout << "Animal纯析构函数调用" << endl;
}
class Cat:public Animal
{
public:
Cat(string name)
{
cout << "Cat构造函数调用" << endl;
m_name = new string(name);
}
virtual void speak()
{
cout << *m_name<<"小猫在说话" << endl;
}
~Cat()
{
if (m_name != NULL)
{
cout << "Cat析构函数调用" << endl;
delete m_name;
m_name = NULL;
}
}
string *m_name;
};
void test()
{
Animal* animal = new Cat("Tom");
animal->speak();
delete animal;
}
int main()
{
test();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
运行结果:
总结:
1. 虚析构或纯虚析构就是用来解决通过父类指针释放子类对象
2. 如果子类中没有堆区数据,可以不写为虚析构或纯虚析构
3. 拥有纯虚析构函数的类也属于抽象类
多态案例三-电脑组装
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//抽象不同零件的类
//抽象cpu类
class CPU
{
public:
//CPU计算函数
virtual void calculate() = 0;//纯虚函数
};
//抽象显卡类
class VideoCard
{
public:
//显示函数
virtual void show() = 0;
};
//抽象内存条类
class Memory
{
public:
//存储函数
virtual void storage() = 0;
};
//电脑类
class Computer
{
public:
Computer(CPU*cpu, VideoCard*vc, Memory*mem)
{
m_cpu = cpu;//父类指针指向子类对象
m_vc = vc;
m_mem = mem;
}
//工作函数
void work()
{
m_cpu->calculate();
m_vc->show();
m_mem->storage();
}
~Computer()
{
cout << "删除零件开辟的堆区空间" << endl;
if (m_cpu!= NULL)
{
delete m_cpu;
m_cpu = NULL;
}
if (m_vc != NULL)
{
delete m_vc;
m_vc = NULL;
}
if (m_mem != NULL)
{
delete m_mem;
m_mem = NULL;
}
}
private:
CPU*m_cpu;//CPU零件指针
VideoCard*m_vc;//显卡零件指针
Memory*m_mem;//内存条指针
};
//Intel厂商
class IntelCPU:public CPU
{
public:
virtual void calculate()
{
cout << "IntelCPU工作中" << endl;
}
};
class IntelVideoCard :public VideoCard
{
public:
virtual void show()
{
cout << "IntelVideoCard显示中" << endl;
}
};
class IntelMemory :public Memory
{
public:
virtual void storage()
{
cout << "IntelMemory存储中" << endl;
}
};
//AMD厂商
class AMDCPU :public CPU
{
public:
virtual void calculate()
{
cout << "AMDCPU工作中" << endl;
}
};
class AMDVideoCard :public VideoCard
{
public:
virtual void show()
{
cout << "AMDVideoCard显示中" << endl;
}
};
class AMDMemory :public Memory
{
public:
virtual void storage()
{
cout << "AMDMemory存储中" << endl;
}
};
void test()
{
//第一台电脑
CPU *intelcpu = new IntelCPU;
VideoCard*intelCard = new IntelVideoCard;
Memory* intelMem = new IntelMemory;
//创建第一台电脑
cout << "第一台电脑开始工作" << endl;
Computer *computer1 = new Computer(intelcpu, intelCard, intelMem);
computer1->work();
delete computer1;//只释放了电脑的堆区空间 并没有释放每个零件所开辟的堆区空间 造成内存泄露
//法一
/*delete intelcpu;
delete intelCard;
delete intelMem;*/
//法二在computer1析构函数中释放
//创建第二台
cout << "--------------------------" << endl;
cout << "第二台电脑开始工作" << endl;
Computer *computer2 = new Computer(new AMDCPU, new AMDVideoCard, new AMDMemory);
computer2->work();
delete computer2;
//创建第三台
cout << "--------------------------" << endl;
cout << "第三台电脑开始工作" << endl;
Computer *computer3= new Computer(new IntelCPU, new AMDVideoCard, new AMDMemory);
computer3->work();
delete computer3;
}
int main()
{
test();
return 0;
}