C++多态详解

多态概述

多态是C++面向对象三大特性之一
多态分为两类：

静态多态	动态多态
函数重载和运算符重载属于静态多态，复用函数名	派生类和虚函数实现运行时多态
静态多态的函数地址早绑定	动态多态的函数地址晚绑定

示例：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//动物类
class Animal
{
public://虚函数
	virtual  void speak()
	{
		cout << "Animal在说话" << endl;
	}
};
//猫类
class Cat :public Animal//继承父类
{
public:
	void speak()
	{
		cout << "小猫在说话" << endl;
	}
};
//所以不管传什么都会调用父类的speak函数
//要想调用子类的speak函数，就必须让父类的地址晚绑定
void doSpeak(Animal &animal)//以动物类接受 在C++中子类与父类可以相互转换  等价于Animal &animal=cat
{
	//父类的函数地址早绑定，子类的函数地址晚绑定
	animal.speak();//加入virtual后，此speak函数没有先绑定，会随传入对象的不同而调用不同对象的函数，形成多态
}
void test()
{
	Cat cat;
	doSpeak(cat);//传入猫类
}
int main()
{
	test();
	return 0;
}
//运行结果为小猫在说话

多态所需满足条件：
1.有继承关系
2.子类重写父类中的虚函数
3.多态使用条件
4.父类指针或引用指向子类对象
重写：函数返回值类型 函数名 参数列表 完全一致称为重写

多态案例一-计算器类

不用多态时：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include<string>
class Calculator
{
public:
	int getResult(string a)
	{
		if (a =="+")
			return m_num1 + m_num2;
		if (a == "-")
			return m_num1 - m_num2;
		if (a == "*")
			return m_num1 * m_num2;
		if (a == "/")
			return m_num1 / m_num2;
	}
	int m_num1;
	int m_num2;
};
void test()
{
	Calculator c;
	c.m_num1 = 10;
	c.m_num2 = 10;
	cout << "num1+num2=" << c.getResult("+") << endl;
	cout << "num1-num2=" << c.getResult("-") << endl;
	cout << "num1*num2=" << c.getResult("*") << endl;
    cout << "num1/num2=" << c.getResult("/") << endl;
}
int main()
{
	test();
	return 0;
}

用多态实现时：

//实现计算器的抽象类
class AbstractCalculator
{
public:
	virtual int getResult()
	{
		return 0;
	}
	int m_num1;
	int m_num2;
};
//加法计算器类
class AddCalculator :public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
    int getResult()
	{
		return m_num1 + m_num2;
	}
};
class SubCalculator :public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
	int getResult()
	{
		return m_num1 - m_num2;
	}
};
class MulCalculator :public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
	int getResult()
	{
		return m_num1 * m_num2;
	}
};
void test()
{   //父类指针或引用指向子类
	//加法运算
	AbstractCalculator *abc = new AddCalculator;
	abc->m_num1 =10;
	abc->m_num2 =10;
	cout << abc->m_num1 << " + " << abc->m_num2 << " = " << abc->getResult() << endl;
	delete abc;
	//减法运算
	abc = new SubCalculator;
    abc->m_num1 = 10;
	abc->m_num2 = 10;
	cout << abc->m_num1 << " - " << abc->m_num2 << " = " << abc->getResult() << endl;
	delete abc;
	//乘法运算
	abc = new MulCalculator;
	abc->m_num1 = 10;
	abc->m_num2 = 10;
	cout << abc->m_num1 << " * " << abc->m_num2 << " = " << abc->getResult() << endl;
	delete abc;
}
int main()
{
	test();
	return 0;
}

可以明显看出多态的优点：
1.代码组织结构清晰
2.可读性强
3.后期修改时不用改动原代码，利于维护

纯虚函数和抽象类

在多态中父类的虚函数的实现是无意义的，所以我们可以将它改成纯虚函数

纯虚函数语法：virtual 返回值类型 函数名 （参数列表）= 0 ;
当类中有了纯虚函数，这个类也称为抽象类

抽象类特点：
无法实例化对象
子类必须重写抽象类中的纯虚函数，否则也属于抽象类

示例：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Dad
{
public:
	virtual void fun() = 0;//纯虚函数
};
class Son:public Dad
{
	virtual void fun()//必须重写父类纯虚函数
	{
		cout << "子类：fun函数调用" << endl;
	}
};
void test()
{
	Dad*d = new Son;//父类指针或引用指向子类对象
	d->fun();//调用子类fun函数
}
int main()
{
	test();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

多态案例二-不同同学的一天课程

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//创建父类
class onedaycourse
{
public:
	virtual void Fcourse() = 0;
	virtual void Scourse() = 0;
	virtual void Tcourse() = 0;
	virtual void Focourse() = 0;
	void print()//打印课程
	{
		Fcourse();
		Scourse();
		Tcourse();
	    Focourse();
	}
};
class zhangsan :public onedaycourse
{
public:
	virtual void Fcourse()
	{
		cout << "高等数学" << endl;
	}
	virtual void Scourse()
	{
		cout << "中国近代史" << endl;
	}
	virtual void Tcourse()
	{
		cout << "大学物理" << endl;
	}
	virtual void Focourse()
	{
		cout << "没课" << endl;
	}
};
class lisi :public onedaycourse
{
public:
	virtual void Fcourse()
	{
		cout << "大学物理" << endl;
	}
	virtual void Scourse()
	{
		cout << "中国近代史" << endl;
	}
	virtual void Tcourse()
	{
		cout << "高等数学" << endl;
	}
	virtual void Focourse()
	{
		cout << "离散结构" << endl;
	}
};
class wangwu :public onedaycourse
{
public:
	virtual void Fcourse()
	{
		cout << "没课" << endl;
	}
	virtual void Scourse()
	{
		cout << "美国文化概要" << endl;
	}
	virtual void Tcourse()
	{
		cout << "羽毛球" << endl;
	}
	virtual void Focourse()
	{
		cout << "没课" << endl;
	}
};
//父类对象指针指向子类
void test2(onedaycourse*a)//onedaycourse*a=zhangsan;
{
	a->print();
	delete a;//释放a指向的空间
}
void test()
{
	cout << "zhangsan的课是" << endl;
	test2(new zhangsan);
	cout << "-------------------- "<< endl;
	cout << "lisi的课是" << endl;
	test2(new lisi);
	cout << "-------------------- " << endl;
	cout << "wangwu的课是" << endl;
	test2(new wangwu);
	cout << "-------------------- " << endl;
}
int main()
{
	test();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

运行结果:

虚析构和纯虚析构

多态使用时，如果子类中有属性开辟到堆区，那么父类指针在释放时无法调用到子类的析构代码

解决方式：将父类中的析构函数改为虚析构或者纯虚析构

虚析构和纯虚析构共性：
1.可以解决父类指针释放子类对象
2.都需要有具体的函数实现

虚析构和纯虚析构区别：
如果是纯虚析构，该类属于抽象类，无法实例化对象
虚析构语法：
virtual ~类名(){}
纯虚析构语法：
virtual ~类名() = 0;
类名::~类名(){}
示例：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include<string>
class Animal
{
public:
	Animal()
	{
		cout << "Animal构造函数调用" << endl;
	}
	virtual void speak() = 0;
	//虚析构与纯虚析构都是解决子类中的代码调用问题		
	//使用虚析构或纯虚析构主要是为了释放子类在堆区开辟的空间，防止内存泄漏
	//虚析构
	/*virtual ~Animal()
	{
		cout << "Animal析构函数调用" << endl;
	}*/
	//纯虚析构 虚构与纯虚析构必须有具体代码实现 需要声明需要实现
	virtual ~Animal() = 0;
};
Animal::~Animal()
{
	cout << "Animal纯析构函数调用" << endl;
}
class Cat:public Animal
{
public:
	Cat(string name)
	{
		cout << "Cat构造函数调用" << endl;
		m_name = new string(name);
	}
	virtual void speak()
	{
		cout << *m_name<<"小猫在说话" << endl;
	}
	~Cat()
	{
		if (m_name != NULL)
		{
			cout << "Cat析构函数调用" << endl;
			delete m_name;
			m_name = NULL;
		}
	}
	string *m_name;
};
void test()
{
	Animal* animal = new Cat("Tom");
	animal->speak();
	delete animal;

}
int main()
{
	test();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

运行结果：

总结：

​ 1. 虚析构或纯虚析构就是用来解决通过父类指针释放子类对象

​ 2. 如果子类中没有堆区数据，可以不写为虚析构或纯虚析构

​ 3. 拥有纯虚析构函数的类也属于抽象类

多态案例三-电脑组装

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//抽象不同零件的类
//抽象cpu类
class CPU
{
public:
	//CPU计算函数
	virtual void calculate() = 0;//纯虚函数
};
//抽象显卡类
class VideoCard
{
public:
	//显示函数
	virtual void show() = 0;
};
//抽象内存条类
class Memory
{
public:
	//存储函数
	virtual void storage() = 0;
};
//电脑类
class Computer
{
public:
	Computer(CPU*cpu, VideoCard*vc, Memory*mem)
	{
		m_cpu = cpu;//父类指针指向子类对象
		m_vc = vc;
		m_mem = mem;
	}
	//工作函数
	void work()
	{
		m_cpu->calculate();
		m_vc->show();
		m_mem->storage();
	}
	~Computer()
	{
		cout << "删除零件开辟的堆区空间" << endl;
		if (m_cpu!= NULL)
		{
			delete m_cpu;
			m_cpu = NULL;
		}
		if (m_vc != NULL)
		{
			delete m_vc;
			m_vc = NULL;
		}
		if (m_mem != NULL)
		{
			delete m_mem;
			m_mem = NULL;
		}
	}

private:
	CPU*m_cpu;//CPU零件指针
	VideoCard*m_vc;//显卡零件指针
	Memory*m_mem;//内存条指针
};
//Intel厂商
class IntelCPU:public CPU
{
public:
	virtual void calculate()
	{
		cout << "IntelCPU工作中" << endl;
	}
};
class IntelVideoCard :public VideoCard
{
public:
	virtual void show()
	{
		cout << "IntelVideoCard显示中" << endl;
	}
};
class IntelMemory :public Memory
{
public:
	virtual void storage()
	{
		cout << "IntelMemory存储中" << endl;
	}
};
//AMD厂商
class AMDCPU :public CPU
{
public:
	virtual void calculate()
	{
		cout << "AMDCPU工作中" << endl;
	}
};
class AMDVideoCard :public VideoCard
{
public:
	virtual void show()
	{
		cout << "AMDVideoCard显示中" << endl;
	}
};
class AMDMemory :public Memory
{
public:
	virtual void storage()
	{
		cout << "AMDMemory存储中" << endl;
	}
};
void test()
{
	//第一台电脑
	CPU *intelcpu = new IntelCPU;
	VideoCard*intelCard = new IntelVideoCard;
	Memory* intelMem = new IntelMemory;
	//创建第一台电脑
	cout << "第一台电脑开始工作" << endl;
	Computer *computer1 = new Computer(intelcpu, intelCard, intelMem);
	computer1->work();
	delete  computer1;//只释放了电脑的堆区空间 并没有释放每个零件所开辟的堆区空间 造成内存泄露
	//法一
	/*delete intelcpu;
	delete intelCard;
	delete intelMem;*/
	//法二在computer1析构函数中释放
	//创建第二台
	cout << "--------------------------" << endl;
	cout << "第二台电脑开始工作" << endl;
	Computer *computer2 = new Computer(new AMDCPU, new AMDVideoCard, new AMDMemory);
	computer2->work();
	delete  computer2;
	//创建第三台
	cout << "--------------------------" << endl;
	cout << "第三台电脑开始工作" << endl;
	Computer *computer3= new Computer(new IntelCPU, new AMDVideoCard, new AMDMemory);
	computer3->work();
	delete  computer3;
}
int main()
{
	test();
	return 0;
}