Python新手学习（四）：字典和结构化数据

5.字典和结构化数据
  1)字典数据类型
    字典实际就是“键值对组合”，{‘kkk’:’vvv’,‘kkk1’:’vvv1’}，类似于Map
    字典和列表的区分，字典项不排序，没有序号下标的概念。因为输入时顺序不同但键值对相同的字典结构是相等的。
    字典不排序，也不能进行切片。
    测试程序 test_501.py

birthdays = {'Alice':'Apr 1','Bob':'Dec 12','Carol':'Mar 4'}

while True:
    print ('Enter a name:(balnk to quit)')
    name = input()
    if name == '':
        break

    if name in birthdays:
        print(birthdays[name] + ' is the birthday of ' + name)
    else:
        print('I do not have birthday information for ' + name)
        print('What is their birthday?')
        bday = input()
        birthdays[name] = bday
        print('Birthday database update.')

    keys()、values()和item()方法，可以检查键和值是否存在。
    get()方法，取对应键的值，并且在不存在时可以设置备用值。
    setdefault()方法，设置缺省值。如果不存在该键，则设置缺省值，存在则不设置。
    测试程序 test_502.py 用于对文章中出现的字母计数。

message = 'It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen.'
count = {}
for character in message:
    count.setdefault(character,0)
    count[character] = count[character] + 1

print(count)

  2)美观的输出 pprint 可以对键进行排序显示
    测试程序 test_503.py

import pprint
message = 'It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen.'
count = {}
for character in message:
    count.setdefault(character,0)
    count[character] = count[character] + 1

#pprint.pprint(count)
print(pprint.pformat(count))

  3)使用数据结构对真实世界建模
    国际象棋的数据建模
    井字棋盘。
    测试程序 test_504.py

#theBoard = {'top-L':'O','top-M':'O','top-R':'O',
#            'mid-L':'X','mid-M':'X','mid-R':' ',
#            'low-L':' ','low-M':' ','low-R':'X'}
theBoard = {'top-L':' ','top-M':' ','top-R':' ',
            'mid-L':' ','mid-M':' ','mid-R':' ',
            'low-L':' ','low-M':' ','low-R':' '}

def printBoard(board):
    print(board['top-L'] + '|' + board['top-M'] + '|' + board['top-R'])
    print('-+-+-')
    print(board['mid-L'] + '|' + board['mid-M'] + '|' + board['mid-R'])
    print('-+-+-')
    print(board['low-L'] + '|' + board['low-M'] + '|' + board['low-R'])

turn = 'X'
for i in range(9):
    printBoard(theBoard)
    print('turn for ' + turn + '. Move on which space?')
    move = input()
    theBoard[move] = turn
    if turn == 'X':
        turn = 'O'
    else:
        turn = 'X'

printBoard(theBoard)

    嵌套的字典和列表 
    测试程序test_505.py

allGuests = {'Alice':{'apples':5,'pretzels':12},
             'Bob':{'ham sandwiches':3,'apples':2},
             'Carol':{'cups':3,'apple pies':1}}

def totalBrought(guests,item):
    numBrought = 0
    for k,v in guests.items():
        numBrought = numBrought + v.get(item,0)
    return numBrought

print('Number of things being brought:')
print(' - Apples          ' + str(totalBrought(allGuests,'apples')))
print(' - Cups            ' + str(totalBrought(allGuests,'cups')))
print(' - Cakes           ' + str(totalBrought(allGuests,'cakes')))
print(' - Ham Sandwiches  ' + str(totalBrought(allGuests,'ham sandwiches')))
print(' - Apple pies      ' + str(totalBrought(allGuests,'apple pies')))