Handler机制及实现原理

Handler处理消息 由  Handler、Message、Looper  来携手完成，那么Handler内部是如何处理消息的呢？

Message

封装了消息，消息处理对象及数据，在使用Message时建议使用Message.obtain从空消息池中获取一个空消息对象，节约内存开销。

源码如下：

public final class Message implements Parcelable {
    /**
     * User-defined message code so that the recipient can identify 
     * what this message is about. Each {@link Handler} has its own name-space
     * for message codes, so you do not need to worry about yours conflicting
     * with other handlers.
     */
    public int what;

    /**
     * arg1 and arg2 are lower-cost alternatives to using
     * {@link #setData(Bundle) setData()} if you only need to store a
     * few integer values.
     */
    public int arg1; 

    /**
     * arg1 and arg2 are lower-cost alternatives to using
     * {@link #setData(Bundle) setData()} if you only need to store a
     * few integer values.
     */
    public int arg2;

    /**
     * An arbitrary object to send to the recipient.  When using
     * {@link Messenger} to send the message across processes this can only
     * be non-null if it contains a Parcelable of a framework class (not one
     * implemented by the application).   For other data transfer use
     * {@link #setData}.
     * 
     * <p>Note that Parcelable objects here are not supported prior to
     * the {@link android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES#FROYO} release.
     */
    public Object obj;

    /**
     * Optional Messenger where replies to this message can be sent.  The
     * semantics of exactly how this is used are up to the sender and
     * receiver.
     */
    public Messenger replyTo;

    /**
     * Optional field indicating the uid that sent the message.  This is
     * only valid for messages posted by a {@link Messenger}; otherwise,
     * it will be -1.
     */
    public int sendingUid = -1;

    /** If set message is in use.
     * This flag is set when the message is enqueued and remains set while it
     * is delivered and afterwards when it is recycled.  The flag is only cleared
     * when a new message is created or obtained since that is the only time that
     * applications are allowed to modify the contents of the message.
     *
     * It is an error to attempt to enqueue or recycle a message that is already in use.
     */
    /*package*/ static final int FLAG_IN_USE = 1 << 0;

    /** If set message is asynchronous */
    /*package*/ static final int FLAG_ASYNCHRONOUS = 1 << 1;

    /** Flags to clear in the copyFrom method */
    /*package*/ static final int FLAGS_TO_CLEAR_ON_COPY_FROM = FLAG_IN_USE;

    /*package*/ int flags;

    /*package*/ long when;
    
    /*package*/ Bundle data;
    
    /*package*/ Handler target;
    
    /*package*/ Runnable callback;
    
    // sometimes we store linked lists of these things
    /*package*/ Message next;

    private static final Object sPoolSync = new Object();
    private static Message sPool;
    private static int sPoolSize = 0;

    private static final int MAX_POOL_SIZE = 50;

    private static boolean gCheckRecycle = true;


 /**
     * Return a new Message instance from the global pool. Allows us to
     * avoid allocating new objects in many cases.
     */
    public static Message obtain() {
        synchronized (sPoolSync) {
            if (sPool != null) {
                Message m = sPool;
                sPool = m.next;
                m.next = null;
                m.flags = 0; // clear in-use flag
                sPoolSize--;
                return m;
            }
        }
        return new Message();
    }

}

 

看到Message自身有个next引用(一个单链表数据结构)，和sPool空消息池对象，一些装载数据的对象，处理消息的Handler对象，obtain方法从消息池获取一个空消息对象，如果没有的话，实例化一个。

 

Looper

Looper是一个消息轮询器，一直在循环查看MessageQueue里面有没有消息，如果有就获取Message的Handler对象处理消息。

源码如下：

public final class Looper {
    /*
     * API Implementation Note:
     *
     * This class contains the code required to set up and manage an event loop
     * based on MessageQueue.  APIs that affect the state of the queue should be
     * defined on MessageQueue or Handler rather than on Looper itself.  For example,
     * idle handlers and sync barriers are defined on the queue whereas preparing the
     * thread, looping, and quitting are defined on the looper.
     */

    private static final String TAG = "Looper";

    // sThreadLocal.get() will return null unless you've called prepare().
    static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>();
    private static Looper sMainLooper;  // guarded by Looper.class

    final MessageQueue mQueue;
    final Thread mThread;

    private Printer mLogging;

    private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
        mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
        mThread = Thread.currentThread();
    }

    /**
     * Return the Looper object associated with the current thread.  Returns
     * null if the calling thread is not associated with a Looper.
     */
    public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
        return sThreadLocal.get();
    }

     /** Initialize the current thread as a looper.
      * This gives you a chance to create handlers that then reference
      * this looper, before actually starting the loop. Be sure to call
      * {@link #loop()} after calling this method, and end it by calling
      * {@link #quit()}.
      */
    public static void prepare() {
        prepare(true);
    }

    private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
    }

    /**
     * Initialize the current thread as a looper, marking it as an
     * application's main looper. The main looper for your application
     * is created by the Android environment, so you should never need
     * to call this function yourself.  See also: {@link #prepare()}
     */
    public static void prepareMainLooper() {
        prepare(false);
        synchronized (Looper.class) {
            if (sMainLooper != null) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
            }
            sMainLooper = myLooper();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the application's main looper, which lives in the main thread of the application.
     */
    public static Looper getMainLooper() {
        synchronized (Looper.class) {
            return sMainLooper;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Run the message queue in this thread. Be sure to call
     * {@link #quit()} to end the loop.
     */
    public static void loop() {
        final Looper me = myLooper();
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

        for (;;) {
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                return;
            }

            // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
            Printer logging = me.mLogging;
            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                        msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
            }

            msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);

            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
            }

            // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
            // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
            final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
            if (ident != newIdent) {
                Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                        + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                        + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
            }

            msg.recycleUnchecked();
        }
    }
}

在代码中可以看到静态的ThreadLocal<Looper> ，内部维护一个MessageQueue（消息队列），使用Handler之前要启动Looper，先调用prepare方法，然后调用loop方法循环消息队列，如果发现消息就拿到处理消息的Handler调用dispatchMessage()，在主线程中，Android系统启动时已经调用好了prepare和loop  感兴趣的可以看源码ActivityThread.java类。然后看最后一行代码，调用了Message的一个方法，方法如下：

 /**
     * Recycles a Message that may be in-use.
     * Used internally by the MessageQueue and Looper when disposing of queued Messages.
     */
    void recycleUnchecked() {
        // Mark the message as in use while it remains in the recycled object pool.
        // Clear out all other details.
        flags = FLAG_IN_USE;
        what = 0;
        arg1 = 0;
        arg2 = 0;
        obj = null;
        replyTo = null;
        sendingUid = -1;
        when = 0;
        target = null;
        callback = null;
        data = null;

        synchronized (sPoolSync) {
            if (sPoolSize < MAX_POOL_SIZE) {
                next = sPool;
                sPool = this;
                sPoolSize++;
            }
        }
    }

重置消息，塞进空消息池，就这么简单。

 

Handler

Handler是控制消息的发送和处理

Handler构造方法如下：

public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
        if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
            final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
            if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
                    (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
                Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
                    klass.getCanonicalName());
            }
        }

        mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
        if (mLooper == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
        }
        mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
        mCallback = callback;
        mAsynchronous = async;
    }

Handler有很多构造方法，通常情况最后会调到这个构造，在这里面获取了当前线程的Looper MessageQueue。

发送消息代码如下：

private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        msg.target = this;
        if (mAsynchronous) {
            msg.setAsynchronous(true);
        }
        return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}

Handler有很多发送消息的方法，最终都会调到这个方法，把msg的执行者设为this,加入到消息队列。

刚才看到Looper.loop方法中循环获取到消息调用了dispatchMessage方法处理，方法代码如下：

/**
     * Handle system messages here.
     */
    public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }

msg.callback 就是使用 handler.post方法中传入的Runnable对象，然后如果为空的话就判断mCallBack，这个对象是通过Handler的构造方法传入的回调对象，如果为空则调用重写的handleMessage方法。

 

这就是Handle的工作流程了。