Java线程初步

  • 线程基本概念

线程是一个程序内部的顺序控制流,也可以将线程看做是一个程序中不同的执行路径。

  • 线程和进程的基本区别

进程可以看做是静态的,在一个程序执行之前,在内存中会生成这个进程的代码空间和数据空间,并且一个进程的代码空间和数据空间一般情况下是独占的,不和其他进程共享(如果不进行交互的话);当这个程序开始执行,在这个进程中会产生一个主线程,然后这个主线程开始执行,如果有需要,这个主线程还会产生多个子线程并行执行,在宏观上看,这个进程开始执行了(实际上进程内部运行的是线程)。

  1. 进程有独立的代码和数据空间,而同一类线程共享代码段和数据空间,但是线程也有自己独立的运行栈和程序计数器(如果没有的话,线程并行运行起来就会出问题)。因此,进程间的相互切换的代价大于线程间的相互切换。
  2. 多线程和多进程:多线程是同一个程序中(同一类线程)多个不同的顺序流同时执行;多进程是操作系统中同时执行多个任务(程序)。

 

  • 如何产生一个并行执行的线程

一,继承Thread

package hq.org;
public class TestThread1 extends Thread{
	private boolean flag = true;
	
	public static void main( String args[])
	{
		TestThread1 t = new TestThread1();
		t.start();
		for( int i=0; i<100; i++)
		{
			try {
				Thread.sleep(1000);
			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
			System.out.println("I'm MainThread.");
		}
		t.endSubThread();
		System.out.println("MainThread Stoped.");
	}
	
	public void run()
	{
		while( this.flag )
		{
			try {
				Thread.sleep(1000);
			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
			System.out.println("----I'm SubThread.");
		}
		System.out.println("----SubThread Stoped.");
	}
	
	public void endSubThread()
	{
		this.flag = false;
	}
}

二,实现runnable接口

package hq.org;

public class TestThread {
	public static void main(String args[])
	{
		Runner1 r = new Runner1();
		Thread t1 = new Thread( r );
		t1.start();               //开始子线程             
		for( int i=0; i<50; i++) //主线程
		{
			try {
				Thread.sleep(500);
			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
			System.out.println(i + "	I'm MainThread.");
		}
		r.endThread(); //停止子线程
	}
	
}

class Runner1 implements Runnable
{
	private boolean flag = true;  //标识线程是否运行
	@Override
	public void run() {   //重写run方法
		while( flag )
		{
			try {
				Thread.sleep(500);  
			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
				// TODO Auto-generated catch block
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
			System.out.println("-------I'm SubThread.");
		}
	}
	
	public void endThread() { //使得线程停止
		this.flag = false;
	}
	
}

注意,这里对于产生一个新的进程,调用的都是start方法,要是直接调用run方法的话,那仅仅相当于调用某个方法,而不会产生一个新的进程去执行run方法。

除此之外,实现Runnable接口的方式比直接继承Thread类的方式要灵活。

 

  • sleepjoinyield方法

sleep方法:使线程暂停n个毫秒

join方法:线程1掉用线程2join方法,线程1将暂停等待线程2执行完,然后再接着往下执行

yeild方法:让步方法,暂时让出一下占用到的时间片,供其他线程使用

测试Join方法:

package hq.org;

public class TestJoin {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		MyThread2 t1 = new MyThread2("Thread 2");
		t1.start();
		for( int i=0; i<3; i++)
		{
			try {
				Thread.sleep(1000);
			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
			System.out.println("i am main thread run with Thread2.");
		}
		try {
			t1.join();
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
		}

	for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
		try {
			Thread.sleep(1000);
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		System.out.println("i am main thread run alone.");
	}
	}
}

class MyThread2 extends Thread {
	MyThread2(String s) {
		super(s);
	}

	public void run() {
		for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
			System.out.println("i am " + getName());
			try {
				sleep(1000);
			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
				return;
			}
		}
	}
}

测试yeild方法:

package hq.org;

public class TestYield {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		MyThread3 t1 = new MyThread3("t1");
		MyThread3 t2 = new MyThread3("t2");
		t1.setPriority(1);
		t2.setPriority(5);
		t1.start();
		t2.start();
	}
}

class MyThread3 extends Thread {
	MyThread3(String s) {
		super(s);
	}

	public void run() {
		for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) {
			System.out.println(getName() + ": " + i);
			if (i % 10 == 0) {
				yield();
			}
		}
	}
}

  • 线程同步
package hq.org;

public class TestSync implements Runnable {
	Timer timer = new Timer();

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		TestSync test = new TestSync();
		Thread t1 = new Thread(test);
		Thread t2 = new Thread(test);
		t1.setName("t1");
		t2.setName("t2");
		t1.start();
		t2.start();
	}

	public void run() {
		timer.add(Thread.currentThread().getName());
	}
}

class Timer {
	private static int num = 0;

	public void add(String name) {
	num++;
	try {
		Thread.sleep(1);
	} catch (InterruptedException e) {
	}
	System.out.println(name + ", 你是第" + num + "个使用timer的线程");
	}
}

不加synchronized关键字:


加synchronized关键字:


可能是打印不叫耗时,在一个线程对Timer对象里的num值自增1次后,还没来得及打印,另外一个线程又一次调用add方法,将num值再次增1,所以两次打印出来得结果都是2,如果要让这个程序合理的运行,可以对Timer类的add方法加上synchonized关键字修饰。

 

  • 一个简单的死锁
package hq.org;

public class TestDeadLock implements Runnable {
	public int flag = 1;
	//两个临界资源
	static Object o1 = new Object(), o2 = new Object();
	public void run() {
		System.out.println("线程" + flag + "启动。。。");
		if (flag == 1) {
			//线程1,锁住资源1
			synchronized (o1) {
				System.out.println("线程1,锁住资源1");
				try {
					Thread.sleep(500);
				} catch (Exception e) {
					e.printStackTrace();
				}
				//线程1,锁住资源2
				synchronized (o2) {
					System.out.println("线程1,锁住资源2");
				}
				System.out.println("线程1结束。");
			}
			System.out.println("");
		}
		if (flag == 0) {
			//线程2,锁住资源2
			synchronized (o2) {
				System.out.println("线程2,锁住资源2");
				try {
					Thread.sleep(500);
				} catch (Exception e) {
					e.printStackTrace();
				}
				//线程2,锁住资源1
				synchronized (o1) {
					System.out.println("线程2,锁住资源1");
				}
				System.out.println("线程2结束。");
			}
		}
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		TestDeadLock td1 = new TestDeadLock();
		TestDeadLock td2 = new TestDeadLock();
		td1.flag = 1;
		td2.flag = 0;
		Thread t1 = new Thread(td1);
		Thread t2 = new Thread(td2);
		t1.start();
		t2.start();

	}
}


死锁结构图:




  • 一个简单的生产者和消费者程序
package hq.org;

public class MyProducerConsumer {
	public static void main( String args[]){
		SynicStack synicStack = new SynicStack();
		Consummer cc = new Consummer(synicStack);
		Producer pp = new Producer(synicStack);
		Thread tc1 = new Thread( cc );
		Thread tc2 = new Thread( cc ); 
		Thread tp = new Thread( pp );
		tp.start();
		tc1.start();
		tc2.start();
	}
}

class SynicStack {
	private final int stackLen = 10;
	private int[] res = new int[stackLen];
	private int top = -1;

	public synchronized void push(int res) {
		while (stackLen-1 == top) {
			// 如果栈满,等待
			try {
				this.wait();
			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
		}
		top++;
		this.res[top] = res;
		// 唤醒其他进程
		this.notifyAll();
		System.out.println("------Stack Length: " + top);
	}

	public synchronized int pop() {
		int ret = 0;
		while (-1 == top) {
			try {
				this.wait();
			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
		}
		ret = this.res[top];
		top--;
		// 唤醒其他进程
		this.notifyAll();
		System.out.println("------Stack Length: " + top);
		return ret;
	}
}

class Consummer implements Runnable {
	private final int numOfconsume = 20;
	private SynicStack synicStack = null;

	public Consummer(SynicStack ss) {
		this.synicStack = ss;
	}

	@Override
	public void run() {
		for (int i = 0; i < numOfconsume; i++) {
			int getRes = this.synicStack.pop();
			try {
				Thread.sleep(1000);
			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
			System.out.println("consume Res: " + getRes);
		}
	}
}

class Producer implements Runnable {
	private final int numOfproduce = 40;
	private SynicStack synicStack = null;

	public Producer(SynicStack ss) {
		this.synicStack = ss;
	}

	public void run() {
		for (int i = 0; i < numOfproduce; i++) {
			synicStack.push(i);
			try{
				Thread.sleep(50);
			} catch (InterruptedException e){
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
			System.out.println(i + " was produced.");
		}
	}
}




  • 一个线程协作的例子

爸爸给女儿和儿子喂水果。爸爸随机挑选橘子或者苹果,将橘子剥皮或者将苹果削皮放在盘子中,剥皮的速度比较快,而削皮的时间比较慢。女儿只吃橘子,儿子只吃苹果(当然我们假设女儿和儿子永远也吃不饱)。盘子只能装下3个水果。儿子吃得比较快,女儿吃得比较慢。

编程模拟该过程:

(PS:这里http://blog.csdn.net/he_qiao_2010/article/details/8762387有linux C 对这个例子的进程实现)

简单分析

信号量:

int accessplate = 1;     //表示访问盘子的信号量

int apple = 0;             //苹果个数

int orange = 0;             //橘子

int emptyplates = 3;        //空盘子

这个例子的C代码进程实现,见linux进程协作-一个小例子

这里用线程来模拟:

临界资源3个盘子,这里用一个字符串数组来表示:

String[]plates = new String[3];

每个进程对盘子进行访问的时候,对其加锁。

 

注:

1.如果用synchronized关键字修饰一个对象,则在程序执行的任意时刻,都只能由某一个线程去访问它,如果用synchronized关键字修饰一个方法,表示整个方法为同步方法。

2.SleepWait都可以使线程等待一定的毫秒数,但是Sleep在等待过程中不释放对象锁,而wait在等待过程中释放对象锁。

代码:

package hq.org;
public class EateFruits {
	public static void main(String args[]) {
		Plates fruitPlates = new Plates();
		Father father = new Father(fruitPlates);
		Daughter daughter = new Daughter(fruitPlates);
		Son son = new Son(fruitPlates);

	Thread fThread = new Thread(father);
	Thread dThread = new Thread(daughter);
	Thread sThread = new Thread(son);

	fThread.start();
	dThread.start();
	sThread.start();
	
	//主线程每隔2秒打印出盘子的情况。
	while (true) {
		try {
			Thread.sleep(2000);
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		fruitPlates.printPlates();
	}
	}
}

class Plates {
	private static int numOfApple;
	private static int numOfOrange;
	private static int numOfEmptyPlates;

	public Plates() {
		numOfApple = 0;
		numOfOrange = 0;
		numOfEmptyPlates = 3;
	}
	
	//打印出盘子中的情况
	public void printPlates() {
		System.out.println( "plates:" + numOfApple + " apples," + numOfOrange + " oranges,"
			+ numOfEmptyPlates + " empty plates.");
	}

	public synchronized void eatAnApple() {
		while (0 == numOfApple ) {
			//如果没有苹果,等待随机毫秒数,然后重新检测numOfApple值
			try {
				this.wait((long) (Math.random()*100));
			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
				// TODO Auto-generated catch block
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
		}
		numOfApple--;
		numOfEmptyPlates++;
		//拿到苹果后,唤醒其他正沉睡的线程。
		this.notifyAll();
		//吃苹果的时间
		try {
			Thread.sleep(1000);
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		
		System.out.println("Son Eat an Apple.");
	}

	public synchronized void eatAnOrange() {
		while (0 == numOfOrange ) {
			try {
				this.wait((long) (Math.random()*100));
			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
				// TODO Auto-generated catch block
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
		}
		numOfOrange--;
		numOfEmptyPlates++;
		this.notifyAll();
		
		try {
			Thread.sleep(2000);
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		
		System.out.println("Daughter Eat an orange.");
	}

	public synchronized void addAnApple() {
		while (3 == numOfApple || 0 == numOfEmptyPlates) {
			try {
				this.wait((long) (Math.random()*100));
			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
				// TODO Auto-generated catch block
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
		}
		numOfApple++;
		numOfEmptyPlates--;
		this.notifyAll();
		
		try {
			Thread.sleep(500);
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		
		System.out.println("Father Add an Apple.");
	}

	public synchronized void addAnOrange() {
		while (3 == numOfOrange || 0 == numOfEmptyPlates) {
			try {
				this.wait( (long) (Math.random()*100) );
			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
				// TODO Auto-generated catch block
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
		}
		numOfOrange++;
		numOfEmptyPlates--;
		this.notifyAll();
		
		try {
			Thread.sleep(500);
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		
		System.out.println("Father Add an orange.");
	}
}

class Daughter implements Runnable {
	private static Plates plates = null;

	public Daughter(Plates pl) {
		Daughter.plates = pl;
	}

	@Override
	public void run() {
		while (true) {
			synchronized (plates) {
				plates.eatAnOrange();
			}
		}
	}

}

class Son implements Runnable {
	private static Plates plates = null;

	public Son(Plates pl) {
		Son.plates = pl;
	}

	@Override
	public void run() {
		while (true) {
			synchronized (plates) {
				Son.plates.eatAnApple();
			}
		}
	}
}

class Father implements Runnable {
	private static Plates plates = null;

	public Father(Plates pl) {
		Father.plates = pl;
	}

	@Override
	public void run() {
		while (true) {
			synchronized (plates) {
				// is Apple(40%)
				if ((int) (Math.random() * 100) % 100 + 1 > 60) {
					try {
						Thread.sleep(250);
					} catch (InterruptedException e) {
						e.printStackTrace();
					}
					Father.plates.addAnApple();
				}
				// is Orange(60%)
				else {
					try {
						Thread.sleep(250);
					} catch (InterruptedException e) {
						e.printStackTrace();
					}
					Father.plates.addAnOrange();
				}
			}
		}
	}
}
运行结果:


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