Git是用C语言开发的
在Linux上安装Git
sudo apt-get install git
在Mac OS X上安装Git
直接从AppStore安装Xcode,Xcode集成了Git,不过默认没有安装,你需要运行Xcode,选择菜单“Xcode”->“Preferences”,在弹出窗口中找到“Downloads”,选择“Command Line Tools”,点“Install”就可以完成安装了
在Windows上安装Git
在Windows上使用Git,可以从Git官网直接下载安装程序,然后按默认选项安装即可。
安装完成后,还需要最后一步设置,在命令行输入:
$ git config --global user.name "Your Name"
$ git config --global user.email "email@example.com"
创建版本库
版本库又名仓库,英文名repository,你可以简单理解成一个目录,这个目录里面的所有文件都可以被Git管理起来,每个文件的修改、删除,Git都能跟踪,以便任何时刻都可以追踪历史,或者在将来某个时刻可以“还原”。
首先,选择一个合适的地方,创建一个空目录:
$ mkdir learngit
$ cd learngit
$ pwd
/Users/michael/learngit
第二步,通过git init命令把这个目录变成Git可以管理的仓库:
$ git init
Initialized empty Git repository in /Users/michael/learngit/.git/
添加文件到Git仓库,分两步:
使用命令git add ,注意,可反复多次使用,添加多个文件;
使用命令git commit -m ,完成。
$ git add readme.txt
$ git commit -m "wrote a readme file"
[master (root-commit) eaadf4e] wrote a readme file
1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 readme.txt
修改readme.txt文件
运行git status命令可以让我们时刻掌握仓库当前的状态,上面的命令输出告诉我们,readme.txt被修改过了,但还没有准备提交的修改。
$ git status
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
(use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
modified: readme.txt
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
git diff顾名思义就是查看difference,显示的格式正是Unix通用的diff格式,可以从上面的命令输出看到,我们在第一行添加了一个distributed单词。
$ git diff readme.txt
diff --git a/readme.txt b/readme.txt
index 46d49bf..9247db6 100644
--- a/readme.txt
+++ b/readme.txt
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-Git is a version control system.
+Git is a distributed version control system.
Git is free software.
修改后,再次添加文件到Git仓库(上文的两个步骤),运用git status 查看状态
git log命令显示从最近到最远的提交日志,我们可以看到3次提交,最近的一次是append GPL,上一次是add distributed,最早的一次是wrote a readme file。
如果嫌输出信息太多,看得眼花缭乱的,可以试试加上–pretty=oneline参数:
$ git log --pretty=oneline
3e00af6b3e2d2d9641eccb070902d3addf18f880 (HEAD -> master) add distributed
e148e0d410ffe632ac3ef74bc9f94cffb1474185 wrote a readme file
回退到上一个版本
$ git reset --hard HEAD^
HEAD is now at e475afc add distributed
$ cat readme.txt
Git is a version control system.
Git is free software.
工作区和暂存区
工作区即电脑里能看到的目录
版本库
工作区有一个隐藏目录.git,这个不算工作区,而是Git的版本库。
Git的版本库里存了很多东西,其中最重要的就是称为stage(或者叫index)的暂存区,还有Git为我们自动创建的第一个分支master,以及指向master的一个指针叫HEAD。
git add命令实际上就是把要提交的所有修改放到暂存区(Stage),然后,执行git commit就可以一次性把暂存区的所有修改提交到分支。
管理修改
第一次修改 -> git add -> 第二次修改 -> git add -> git commit
第一步,对readme.txt做一个修改
$ cat readme.txt
Git is a distributed version control system.
Git is free software distributed under the GPL.
Git has a mutable index called stage.
Git tracks changes.
然后,添加:
$ git add readme.txt
$ git status
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
# (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
# modified: readme.txt
#
然后,再修改readme.txt:
$ cat readme.txt
Git is a distributed version control system.
Git is free software distributed under the GPL.
Git has a mutable index called stage.
Git tracks changes of files.
然后,添加:
$ git add readme.txt
$ git status
提交:
$ git commit -m "git tracks changes"
[master 519219b] git tracks changes
1 file changed, 2 insertion(+)
撤销修改
在readme.txt中添加了一行:
$ cat readme.txt
Git is a distributed version control system.
Git is free software distributed under the GPL.
Git has a mutable index called stage.
Git tracks changes of files.
My stupid boss still prefers SVN.
用git status查看一下:
$ git status
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
(use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
modified: readme.txt
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
git checkout – file可以丢弃工作区的修改:
$ git checkout -- readme.txt
查看readme.txt的文件内容:
$ cat readme.txt
Git is a distributed version control system.
Git is free software distributed under the GPL.
Git has a mutable index called stage.
Git tracks changes of files.
删除文件
添加一个新文件test.txt到Git并且提交:
$ git add test.txt
$ git commit -m "add test.txt"
[master 83df02a] add test.txt
1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 test.txt
git status命令:
$ git status
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
(use "git add/rm <file>..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
deleted: test.txt
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
从版本库中删除该文件,那就用命令git rm删掉,并且git commit:
$ git rm test.txt
rm 'test.txt'
$ git commit -m "remove test.txt"
[master 9b17a6a] remove test.txt
1 file changed, 4 deletions(-)
delete mode 100644 test.txt