iOS进阶之底层原理-block本质、block的签名、__block、如何避免循环引用

面试的时候，经常会问到block，学完本篇文章，搞通底层block的实现，那么都不是问题了。

block的源码是在libclosure中。

我们带着问题来解析源码：

• blcok的本质是什么
• block的方法签名
• __block的作用
• 如何避免循环引用

block种类

block总共有6种，常用的是3种_NSConcreteStackBlock、_NSConcreteAutoBlock、_NSConcreteGlobalBlock，其他三种是系统调用。

void * _NSConcreteStackBlock[32] = { 0 };
void * _NSConcreteMallocBlock[32] = { 0 };
void * _NSConcreteAutoBlock[32] = { 0 };
void * _NSConcreteFinalizingBlock[32] = { 0 };
void * _NSConcreteGlobalBlock[32] = { 0 };
void * _NSConcreteWeakBlockVariable[32] = { 0 };

block结构

void blockTest()
{
    void (^block)(void) = ^{
        NSLog(@"Hello World!");
    };
    block();
}

int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
    @autoreleasepool {
        blockTest();
    }
}

我们用clang编译，clang -rewrite-objc main.m，生成cpp文件

struct __blockTest_block_impl_0 {
  struct __block_impl impl;
  struct __blockTest_block_desc_0* Desc;
  __blockTest_block_impl_0(void *fp, struct __blockTest_block_desc_0 *desc, int flags=0) {
    impl.isa = &_NSConcreteStackBlock;
    impl.Flags = flags;
    impl.FuncPtr = fp;
    Desc = desc;
  }
};
static void __blockTest_block_func_0(struct __blockTest_block_impl_0 *__cself) {
       NSLog((NSString *)&__NSConstantStringImpl__var_folders_04_xwbq8q6n0p1dmhhd6y51_vbc0000gp_T_main_0048d2_mi_0);
    }
   
static struct __blockTest_block_desc_0 {
  size_t reserved;
  size_t Block_size;
} __blockTest_block_desc_0_DATA = { 0, sizeof(struct __blockTest_block_impl_0)};

void blockTest()
{
    void (*block)(void) = ((void (*)())&__blockTest_block_impl_0((void *)__blockTest_block_func_0, &__blockTest_block_desc_0_DATA));
    ((void (*)(__block_impl *))((__block_impl *)block)->FuncPtr)((__block_impl *)block);
}

int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
    /* @autoreleasepool */ { __AtAutoreleasePool __autoreleasepool; 
        blockTest();
    }
}

static struct IMAGE_INFO { unsigned version; unsigned flag; } _OBJC_IMAGE_INFO = { 0, 2 };

编译后，block为一个结果体，包含两个结构体impl和desc还有一个构造函数

struct __block_impl {
  void *isa;
  int Flags;
  int Reserved;
  void *FuncPtr;
};

• block的本质是一个结构体，也就是一个对象，包含isa指针

我们在这里打个断点，进入汇编调试，会调用objc_retainBlock，在根据objc源码，调用_Block_copy，最后来到libclosure中。

block创建

从栈中copy到堆中

// Copy, or bump refcount, of a block.  If really copying, call the copy helper if present.
void *_Block_copy(const void *arg) {
    struct Block_layout *aBlock;

    if (!arg) return NULL;
    
    // The following would be better done as a switch statement
    aBlock = (struct Block_layout *)arg;
    if (aBlock->flags & BLOCK_NEEDS_FREE) {
        // latches on high
        latching_incr_int(&aBlock->flags);
        return aBlock;
    }
    else if (aBlock->flags & BLOCK_IS_GLOBAL) {
        return aBlock;
    }
    else {
        // Its a stack block.  Make a copy.
        size_t size = Block_size(aBlock);
        struct Block_layout *result = (struct Block_layout *)malloc(size);
        if (!result) return NULL;
        memmove(result, aBlock, size); // bitcopy first
#if __has_feature(ptrauth_calls)
        // Resign the invoke pointer as it uses address authentication.
        result->invoke = aBlock->invoke;

#if __has_feature(ptrauth_signed_block_descriptors)
        if (aBlock->flags & BLOCK_SMALL_DESCRIPTOR) {
            uintptr_t oldDesc = ptrauth_blend_discriminator(
                    &aBlock->descriptor,
                    _Block_descriptor_ptrauth_discriminator);
            uintptr_t newDesc = ptrauth_blend_discriminator(
                    &result->descriptor,
                    _Block_descriptor_ptrauth_discriminator);

            result->descriptor =
                    ptrauth_auth_and_resign(aBlock->descriptor,
                                            ptrauth_key_asda, oldDesc,
                                            ptrauth_key_asda, newDesc);
        }
#endif
#endif
        // reset refcount
        result->flags &= ~(BLOCK_REFCOUNT_MASK|BLOCK_DEALLOCATING);    // XXX not needed
        result->flags |= BLOCK_NEEDS_FREE | 2;  // logical refcount 1
        _Block_call_copy_helper(result, aBlock);
        // Set isa last so memory analysis tools see a fully-initialized object.
        result->isa = _NSConcreteMallocBlock;
        return result;
    }
}

block底层结构为Block_layout，也证明了block的本质是一个对象，invoke为函数调用指针

struct Block_layout {
    void * __ptrauth_objc_isa_pointer isa;
    volatile int32_t flags; // contains ref count
    int32_t reserved;
    BlockInvokeFunction invoke;
    struct Block_descriptor_1 *descriptor;
    // imported variables
};

__Block

int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
    @autoreleasepool {
        __block int a = 10;
        void (^block)(void) = ^{
            NSLog(@"Hello World! %d",a);
        };
        block();
    }
    return 0;
}

clang变成cpp文件

struct __main_block_impl_0 {
  struct __block_impl impl;
  struct __main_block_desc_0* Desc;
  __Block_byref_a_0 *a; // by ref
  __main_block_impl_0(void *fp, struct __main_block_desc_0 *desc, __Block_byref_a_0 *_a, int flags=0) : a(_a->__forwarding) {
    impl.isa = &_NSConcreteStackBlock;
    impl.Flags = flags;
    impl.FuncPtr = fp;
    Desc = desc;
  }
};

struct __Block_byref_a_0 {
  void *__isa;
__Block_byref_a_0 *__forwarding;
 int __flags;
 int __size;
 int a;
};
static void __main_block_copy_0(struct __main_block_impl_0*dst, struct __main_block_impl_0*src) {_Block_object_assign((void*)&dst->a, (void*)src->a, 8/*BLOCK_FIELD_IS_BYREF*/);}
static struct __main_block_desc_0 {
  size_t reserved;
  size_t Block_size;
  void (*copy)(struct __main_block_impl_0*, struct __main_block_impl_0*);
  void (*dispose)(struct __main_block_impl_0*);
} __main_block_desc_0_DATA = { 0, sizeof(struct __main_block_impl_0), __main_block_copy_0, __main_block_dispose_0};

我们发现__block修饰的a生成了__Block_byref_a_0对象，直接将a的指针传递进去。

__attribute__((__blocks__(byref))) __Block_byref_a_0 a = {(void*)0,(__Block_byref_a_0 *)&a, 0, sizeof(__Block_byref_a_0), 10};
        void (*block)(void) = ((void (*)())&__main_block_impl_0((void *)__main_block_func_0, &__main_block_desc_0_DATA, (__Block_byref_a_0 *)&a, 570425344));
        ((void (*)(__block_impl *))((__block_impl *)block)->FuncPtr)((__block_impl *)block);

在__main_block_impl_0函数内又会调用__main_block_copy_0-->_Block_object_assign，这里是从栈中copy到堆中

void _Block_object_assign(void *destArg, const void *object, const int flags) {
    const void **dest = (const void **)destArg;
    _Block_byref_copy(object)
}

static struct Block_byref *_Block_byref_copy(const void *arg) {
    struct Block_byref *src = (struct Block_byref *)arg;

    if ((src->forwarding->flags & BLOCK_REFCOUNT_MASK) == 0) {
        // src points to stack
        struct Block_byref *copy = (struct Block_byref *)malloc(src->size);
        copy->isa = NULL;
        // byref value 4 is logical refcount of 2: one for caller, one for stack
        copy->flags = src->flags | BLOCK_BYREF_NEEDS_FREE | 4;
        copy->forwarding = copy; // patch heap copy to point to itself
        src->forwarding = copy;  // patch stack to point to heap copy
        copy->size = src->size;

        if (src->flags & BLOCK_BYREF_HAS_COPY_DISPOSE) {
            // Trust copy helper to copy everything of interest
            // If more than one field shows up in a byref block this is wrong XXX
            struct Block_byref_2 *src2 = (struct Block_byref_2 *)(src+1);
            struct Block_byref_2 *copy2 = (struct Block_byref_2 *)(copy+1);
            copy2->byref_keep = src2->byref_keep;
            copy2->byref_destroy = src2->byref_destroy;

            if (src->flags & BLOCK_BYREF_LAYOUT_EXTENDED) {
                struct Block_byref_3 *src3 = (struct Block_byref_3 *)(src2+1);
                struct Block_byref_3 *copy3 = (struct Block_byref_3*)(copy2+1);
                copy3->layout = src3->layout;
            }

            (*src2->byref_keep)(copy, src);
        }
        else {
            // Bitwise copy.
            // This copy includes Block_byref_3, if any.
            memmove(copy+1, src+1, src->size - sizeof(*src));
        }
    }
    // already copied to heap
    else if ((src->forwarding->flags & BLOCK_BYREF_NEEDS_FREE) == BLOCK_BYREF_NEEDS_FREE) {
        latching_incr_int(&src->forwarding->flags);
    }
    
    return src->forwarding;
}

有一张经典的图，就是完美的复现了这个过程。

方法签名

block是有方法签名的，通过打印为v8@?0，内部包含的函数签名为@？,我们也可以直接用方法签名来验证

循环引用

产生原因是：我持有你，你持有我，导致不能释放

有3种方案

• __weak weakSelf-> self(引用计数不处理) （—nil ）—>block —>weakSelf
• __block ViewController *vc = self; {vc = nil;}Block 需要调用

• vc当作参数传进去