批量绑定(Bulk binds)可以通过减少在PL/SQL和SQL引擎之间的上下文切换(context switches )提高了性能.
批量绑定(Bulk binds)包括:
(i) Input collections, use the FORALL statement,一般用来改善DML(INSERT、UPDATE和DELETE) 操作的性能
(ii) Output collections, use BULK COLLECT clause,一般用来提高查询(SELECT)的性能
FORALL的语法如下:
FORALL index IN lower_bound..upper_bound sql_statement;
下面是一个简单测试,用以说明FORALL与FOR循环的性能差异。
SQL> drop table blktest;
Table dropped.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.13
SQL>
SQL> CREATE TABLE blktest (num NUMBER(20), name varchar2(50));
Table created.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.08
SQL>
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE bulktest
2 IS
3 TYPE numtab IS TABLE OF NUMBER (20)
4 INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;
5
6 TYPE nametab IS TABLE OF VARCHAR2 (50)
7 INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;
8
9 pnums numtab;
10 pnames nametab;
11 t1 NUMBER;
12 t2 NUMBER;
13 t3 NUMBER;
14 BEGIN
15 FOR j IN 1 .. 1000000
16 LOOP
17 pnums (j) := j;
18 pnames (j) := 'Seq No. ' || TO_CHAR (j);
19 END LOOP;
20
21 SELECT DBMS_UTILITY.get_time
22 INTO t1
23 FROM DUAL;
24
25 FOR i IN 1 .. 1000000
26 LOOP
27 INSERT INTO blktest
28 VALUES (pnums (i), pnames (i));
29 END LOOP;
30
31 SELECT DBMS_UTILITY.get_time
32 INTO t2
33 FROM DUAL;
34
35 FORALL i IN 1 .. 1000000
36 INSERT INTO blktest
37 VALUES (pnums (i), pnames (i));
38
39 SELECT DBMS_UTILITY.get_time
40 INTO t3
41 FROM DUAL;
42
43 DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line ('Execution Time (hsecs)');
44 DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line ('---------------------');
45 DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line ('FOR loop: ' || TO_CHAR (t2 - t1));
46 DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line ('FORALL: ' || TO_CHAR (t3 - t2));
47 END;
48 /
Procedure created.
Elapsed: 00:00:01.46
SQL> exec bulktest;
Execution Time (hsecs)
---------------------
FOR loop: 30361
FORALL: 4792
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Elapsed: 00:06:32.92
链接: http://www.eygle.com/archives/2005/11/bulk_binds_forall.html
SQL> CREATE TABLE TTT (ID NUMBER);
表已创建。
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER TRI_TTT BEFORE INSERT ON TTT
2 BEGIN
3 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('A');
4 END;
5 /
触发器已创建
SQL> SET SERVEROUT ON
SQL> DECLARE
2 TYPE T_NUM_TABLE IS TABLE OF NUMBER INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;
3 V_NUM T_NUM_TABLE;
4 BEGIN
5 SELECT ROWNUM BULK COLLECT INTO V_NUM FROM TAB;
6 FOR I IN 1..V_NUM.COUNT LOOP
7 INSERT INTO TTT VALUES (V_NUM(I));
8 END LOOP;
9 END;
10 /
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
SQL> DECLARE
2 TYPE T_NUM_TABLE IS TABLE OF NUMBER INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;
3 V_NUM T_NUM_TABLE;
4 BEGIN
5 SELECT ROWNUM BULK COLLECT INTO V_NUM FROM TAB;
6 FORALL I IN 1..V_NUM.COUNT
7 INSERT INTO TTT VALUES (V_NUM(I));
8 END;
9 /
A
PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
从触发器的除非动作上可以看出,FOR ALL语法和FOR LOOP的区别,FOR ALL对INSERT语句只调用了一次。
SQL> TRUNCATE TABLE TTT;
表被截断。
SQL> ALTER TABLE TTT MODIFY ID NUMBER(3);
表已更改。
SQL> INSERT INTO TTT SELECT 994 + ROWNUM FROM TAB;
INSERT INTO TTT SELECT 994 + ROWNUM FROM TAB
*第 1 行出现错误:
ORA-01438: 值大于为此列指定的允许精度
SQL> SELECT * FROM TTT;
未选定行
INSERT INTO SELECT语法属于一条语句,根据Oracle的语句级回滚,当插入由于个别数据发生错误的时候,整个插入语句被回滚。
但对于FOR ALL语句,虽然Oracle只执行了INSERT语句一次,但是,如果发生了错误,是可以捕获的,且错误发生之间的操作是可以保留下来的。
SQL> DECLARE
2 TYPE T_NUM_TABLE IS TABLE OF NUMBER INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;
3 V_NUM T_NUM_TABLE;
4 BEGIN
5 SELECT ROWNUM BULK COLLECT INTO V_NUM FROM TAB;
6 V_NUM(5) := 1000;
7 BEGIN
8 FORALL I IN 1..V_NUM.COUNT
9 INSERT INTO TTT VALUES (V_NUM(I));
10 EXCEPTION
11 WHEN OTHERS THEN
12 COMMIT;
13 END;
14 END;
15 /
PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
SQL> SELECT * FROM TTT;
ID
----------
1
2
3
4
从这一点看,FOR ALL语法和INSERT INTO SELECT又有着本质的区别。个人感觉FOR ALL语法和Oracle的OCI中数组绑定语法十分类似。二者都采用数据绑定变量的方式,通过调用一次SQL,将整个数组的内容提交给Oracle,并且出现错误后,可以通过捕获错误的方式保留出错前已经进行的修改。
个人认为,FOR ALL语法和OCI的数组绑定具有相同的内部机制。二者分别为PL/SQL和OCI提供了相同的批量处理功能。
来源:http://yangtingkun.itpub.net/post/468/198828
forall 后面的DML语句里面不能有集合变量的元素的字段。