python中的奇技淫巧

写代码，优雅性必不可少，能用一行代码解决的是绝不用两行，这里就介绍一些python代码中的奇技淫巧。

1. 两个变量互换值

>>> a = 1
>>> b = 2
>>> a, b = b, a
>>> a
2
>>> b
1
>>> 

2. 连续赋值

>>> a = b = c = 60
>>> a
60
>>> c
60
>>> 

3. 自动解包

>>> a,b,c = [2, 4, 6]
>>> a
2
>>> b
4
>>> c
6

4. 链式比较

a = 15
if (10 < a < 20):
    print(a)

等价于

a = 15
if (a > 10 and a<20):
    print(a)

5. 三目运算

href = "wwww.baicu.com"
href = href if "http" in href else "http://"+href
print(href)

等价于

href = "wwww.baicu.com"
if "http" in href:
    href = href
else:
    href = "http://"+href
print(href)

6. 字典合并

>>> a = {'a': 1}
>>> b = {'b':2}
>>> {**a, **b}
{'a': 1, 'b': 2}
>>> 

7. 列表转字符串

>>> s = ['I', 'love', 'java']
>>> ' '.join(s)
'I love java'
>>> 

8. 字典推导式

>>> m = {x:x**2 for x in range(0,5)}
>>> m
{0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16}
>>> 

9. 默认字典值
   给字典中的value设置为列表，普通方法

d = dict()
if 'a' not in d:
    d['a'] = []
d['a'].append(1)
print(d)

使用defaultdict默认字典构建一个初始值为空列表的字典

from collections import defaultdict
d = defaultdict(list)
d['a'].append(1)
print(d)

10. 赋值表达式
    这是3.8的新特性，赋值表达式又成为海象运算符:=， 可以将变量赋值和表达式放在一行，什么意思？看代码就明白

import re
data = "hello031415world"
match = re.search("(\d+)", data)  # 3
if match:                         # 4
    num = match.group(1)
else:
    num = None
print(num)

等价于

import re
data = "hello031415world"
if match:=re.search("(\d+)", data):
    num = match.group(1)
else:
    num = None
print(num)

11. 列表推导式

>>> list = [x*2 for x in range(10)]
>>> list
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]
>>> 

12. 生成器表达式

>>> ge = (x*2 for x in range(10))
>>> ge
<generator object <genexpr> at 0x03B43830>
>>> next(ge)
0
>>> next(ge)
2
>>> next(ge)
4
>>> next(ge)
6
>>> next(ge)
8
>>> next(ge)
10
>>> next(ge)
12
>>> next(ge)
14
>>> next(ge)
16
>>> next(ge)
18
>>> next(ge)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell>", line 1, in <module>
StopIteration