alsa 驱动介绍及user层到hw层文件ioctl操作流程分析

 

 

Machine

以装配有CS4270的1款android 智能电视为例

/sound/soc/samsung/exynos.c

Platform

以Samsung cpu exynos4412为例

/sound/soc/samsung/

Codec

以wolfson的Codec芯片cs4270为例

/sound/soc/codecs/cs4270.c

ALSA 框架介绍

Alsa 太多太杂，很难整理的规整，只能看到哪里写到哪里

 

ASoC被分为Machine，Platform和Codec3大部件，Platform驱动的主要作用是完成音频数据的管理，终究通过CPU的数字音频接口（DAI）把音频数据传送

给Codec进行处理，终究由Codec输出驱动耳机或是喇叭的音信信号。在具体实现上，ASoC有把Platform驱动分为两个部份：snd_soc_platform_driver

和snd_soc_dai_driver。其中，platform_driver负责管理音频数据，把音频数据通过dma或其他操作传送至cpu dai中，dai_driver则主要完成cpu 1侧的

dai的参数配置，同时也会通过1定的途径把必要的dma等参数与snd_soc_platform_driver进行交互。

Machine  是指某1款机器，可以是某款装备，某款开发板，又或是某款智能手机，由此可以看出Machine几近是不可重用的，每一个Machine上的硬件实

现可能都不1样，CPU不1样，Codec不1样，音频的输入、输出装备也不1样，Machine为CPU、Codec、输入输出装备提供了1个载体。

Platform  1般是指某1个SoC平台，比如pxaxxx,s3cxxxx,omapxxx等等，与音频相干的通常包括该SoC中的时钟、DMA、I2S、PCM等等，只要指定了SoC，那么我们可以认为它会有1个对应的Platform，它只与SoC相干，与

Machine无关，这样我们就能够把Platform抽象出来，使得同1款SoC不用做任何的改动，就能够用在不同的Machine中。实际上，把Platform认为是某个SoC更好理解。

Codec  字面上的意思就是编解码器，Codec里面包括了I2S接口、D/A、A/D、Mixer、PA（功放），通常包括多种输入（Mic、Line-in、I2S、PCM）和多个

输出（耳机、喇叭、听筒，Line-out），Codec和Platform 1样，是可重用的部件，同1个Codec可以被不同的Machine使用。嵌入式Codec通常通过I2C对
内部的寄存器进行控制。

 

Machine驱动的初始化，codec和dai的注册，都会调用snd_soc_instantiate_cards()进行1次声卡和codec，dai，platform的匹配绑定进程，这里所说的
绑定，正如Machine驱动1文中所描写，就是通过3个全局链表，按名字进行匹配，把匹配的codec，dai和platform实例赋值给声卡每对dai的snd_soc_pcm_runtime变量中。1旦绑定成功，将会使得codec和dai驱动的probe回调被调用。alsa架构的数据交互，是通过对PCM装备的操作来完成的， PCM装备分成playback和capture两个stream, 每一个stream底下有N个substream
alsa驱动最底层需要调试的有3块： DMA部份，IIS驱动部份，codec部份

 

 

 

 

IIS介绍

A）I2S有4根线，

1.串行时钟SCLK，也叫位时钟（BCLK），即对应数字音频的每位数据，SCLK都有1个脉冲。SCLK的频率=2×采样频率×采样位数。

2. 帧时钟LRCK，(也称WS)，用于切换左右声道的数据。LRCK为“1”表示正在传输的是右声道的数据，为“0”则表示正在传输的是左声道的数据。LRCK

的频率等于采样频率。

3.串行数据SDATA，就是用2进制补码表示的音频数据。

4.有时为了使系统间能够更好地同步，还需要另外传输1个信号MCLK，称为主时钟，也叫系统时钟（Sys Clock），是采样频率的256倍或384倍。

 

B）声音数据DAT 1般在CLK的上升沿进行采样，有些DAC也是可以调的。每一个声道里面可以容纳的CLK数必须多于数据的位数，多出来的时钟和数据DAC会丢弃不用，比如16bit采样的声音数据当1个声道是32个CLK且left-justify的时候，后面106个时钟的数据会被DAC丢掉，不影响的。

C）I2S数据的格式分I2S， Left-justify， Right-justify。3种格式的区分在于声音数据与WS的对应关系：

1 .  I2S模式DAT的MSB在WS变化后的第2个上升沿开始传输

2.  Left-justify模式DAT的MSB在WS变化后的第1个上升沿开始传输

3.   Right-justify模式DAT的LSB在WS行将变换到下1声道前的最后1个时钟传输

I2S部份触及的几个频率:

  * 输出采样频率 fs = 44.1KHz.  (也有其它fs的音源, 但加了resampler后, 都变成44.1KHz输出了). 这是个关键频率.

  * LRCLK, 就等于fs. (L/R声道信号)

  * BCLK = 32倍fs = 1411.2KHz = 1.4112MHz. (bit clock). 2声道16bit, 故32倍fs. 若2声道24bit, 则48倍fs.

  * MCLK是全部audio模块的工作频率, 通常选fs的256, 384, 512倍. 比如: 256倍fs = 11289.6KHz = 11.2896MHz.

从频率设置来讲, MCLK是个主要频率, 它是全部audio模块的工作频率.

那末, 从软件来讲要设置两个方面的寄存器: 1是该PLL从晶振频率如何得到PLLout频率(比如P/M/S/k). 2是PLLout如何分频得到audio部份的MCLK.

IIS驱动部份最重要的就是注册以下钩子函数，挂到了alsa驱动上

static const struct snd_soc_dai_ops samsung_i2s_dai_ops = {

.trigger = i2s_trigger,

.hw_params = i2s_hw_params,

.set_fmt = i2s_set_fmt,

.set_clkdiv = i2s_set_clkdiv,

.set_sysclk = i2s_set_sysclk,

.startup = i2s_startup,

.shutdown = i2s_shutdown,

.delay = i2s_delay,

};

codec芯片介绍

cs4270的驱动要设置的参数有：
静音，传输模式，比特位长度，时钟主从模式，音量大小
cs4270驱动里面定义了snd_soc_dai_driver结构成员，里面定义了playback和capture两个substream，同时也挂了1个snd_soc_dai_ops结构体，里面全是操作函数指针。
alsa上面1层层的终究会调用到这些指针

static const struct snd_soc_dai_ops cs4270_dai_ops = {

.hw_params = cs4270_hw_params,

.set_sysclk = cs4270_set_dai_sysclk,

.set_fmt = cs4270_set_dai_fmt,

.digital_mute = cs4270_dai_mute,

};

static struct snd_soc_dai_driver cs4270_dai = {

.name = "cs4270-hifi",

.playback = {

.stream_name = "Playback",

.channels_min = 1,

.channels_max = 2,

.rates = SNDRV_PCM_RATE_CONTINUOUS,

.rate_min = 4000,

.rate_max = 216000,

.formats = CS4270_FORMATS,

},

.capture = {

.stream_name = "Capture",

.channels_min = 1,

.channels_max = 2,

.rates = SNDRV_PCM_RATE_CONTINUOUS,

.rate_min = 4000,

.rate_max = 216000, .

formats = CS4270_FORMATS,

},

.ops = &cs4270_dai_ops,

};

DMA介绍

IIS总线是慢速总线，相对CPU来讲，太慢。所以采取DMA的方式最能节省CPU性能。

PCM playback的时候，DMA目的地址是IIS FIFO寄存器。源地址是寄存PCM数据的内存。

DMA的驱动采取了linux pl330的驱动架构，采取中断的方式来触发后续DMA。

IIS中通过DMA的方式写入FIFO寄存器，在DMA的驱动中挂接了1个回调函数audio_buffdone。DMA完成后，回函数调用，刷新alsa的环，便于下1次DMA

DMA的目的地址，就是IIS发送寄存器的地址。源地址，就是申请的DMA buffer，只不过DMAbuffer被映照成了1个环

 

static void dma_enqueue(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream)

{

      struct runtime_data *prtd = substream->runtime->private_data;

     dma_addr_t pos = prtd->dma_pos;

     unsigned int limit;

     struct samsung_dma_prep dma_info;

     pr_debug("Entered %s\n", __func__);

     limit = (prtd->dma_end - prtd->dma_start) / prtd->dma_period;

     pr_debug("%s: loaded %d, limit %d\n", __func__, prtd->dma_loaded, limit);

     dma_info.cap = (samsung_dma_has_circular() ? DMA_CYCLIC : DMA_SLAVE);

     dma_info.direction = (substream->stream == SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK ? DMA_MEM_TO_DEV : DMA_DEV_TO_MEM);

    dma_info.fp = audio_buffdone; //回调函数

    dma_info.fp_param = substream;

    dma_info.period = prtd->dma_period;

    dma_info.len = prtd->dma_period*limit;

     while (prtd->dma_loaded < limit) {

                 pr_debug("dma_loaded: %d\n", prtd->dma_loaded);

                 if ((pos + dma_info.period) > prtd->dma_end) {

                                             dma_info.period = prtd->dma_end - pos;

                                             pr_debug("%s: corrected dma len %ld\n", __func__, dma_info.period);

                   }

                                                           dma_info.buf = pos;

                                                           prtd->params->ops->prepare(prtd->params->ch, &dma_info); //DMA注册

                                                          prtd->dma_loaded++;

                                                          pos += prtd->dma_period;

                                                          if (pos >= prtd->dma_end) pos = prtd->dma_start;

      }

                                           prtd->dma_pos = pos;

}

 

static void audio_buffdone(void *data)

{

      struct snd_pcm_substream *substream = data;

      struct runtime_data *prtd = substream->runtime->private_data;

      pr_debug("Entered %s\n", __func__);

      if (prtd->state & ST_RUNNING) {

           prtd->dma_pos += prtd->dma_period;

           if (prtd->dma_pos >= prtd->dma_end)

                    prtd->dma_pos = prtd->dma_start;

           if (substream)

                  snd_pcm_period_elapsed(substream);

          spin_lock(&prtd->lock);

          if (!samsung_dma_has_circular()) {

                  prtd->dma_loaded--;

                  dma_enqueue(substream);

            } spin_unlock(&prtd->lock);

      }

}

DMA部份主要通过注册以下钩子函数来挂到alsa驱动里面

 

static struct snd_pcm_ops dma_ops = {

 .open = dma_open,

 .close = dma_close,

 .ioctl = snd_pcm_lib_ioctl,

 .hw_params = dma_hw_params,

 .hw_free = dma_hw_free,

 .prepare = dma_prepare,

 .trigger = dma_trigger,

 .pointer = dma_pointer,

 .mmap = dma_mmap,

};

alsa数据读写简介

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