sql99标准
语法:
select 查询列表
from 表1 as 别名
【连接类型】 join 表2 别名
on 连接条件
【where 筛选条件】【group by 分组条件】【having 筛选条件】【order by排序列表】
支持:
内连接:inner
外连接:左外 left【outer】,右外right【outer】,全外full【outer】
交叉连接:cross
一、内连接
语法:
select 查询列表
from 表1 别名
inner join 表2 别名
on 连接条件
分类:等值连接、非等值连接、自连接
1、等值连接
特点:
可以添加排序、分组、部门名
inner可以省略
筛选条件放在where后面,连接条件放在on后面,提高分离性,便于阅读
inner join连接和sql92语法中的等值连接效果一样,均是查询交集部分
eg1.查询员工名、部门名
select last_name,department_name
from employees as e
inner join departments as d
on e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`;
#添加筛选条件
eg2.查询名字中包含e的员工名和工种名
SELECT job_title,last_name
FROM employees AS e
INNER JOIN jobs AS j
ON e.`job_id`=j.`job_id`
WHERE last_name LIKE '%e%';
#添加筛选条件和分组
eg3.查询部门个数>3的城市名和部门个数
SELECT city,COUNT(*)
FROM departments AS d
INNER JOIN locations AS l
ON d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
GROUP BY city
HAVING COUNT(*)>3;
#添加筛选条件和分组和排序
eg4.查询部门的员工个数>3的部门名和员工个数,并按个数排列
SELECT department_name,COUNT(*)
FROM departments AS d
INNER JOIN employees AS e
ON d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
GROUP BY department_name
HAVING COUNT(*)>3
ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC;
#三表连接
eg5.查询员工名、部门名、工种名,并按部门名降序
SELECT last_name,department_name,job_title
FROM employees AS e
INNER JOIN departments AS d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
INNER JOIN jobs AS j
ON e.`job_id`=j.`job_id`
ORDER BY department_name DESC;
2、非等值连接
eg1.查询员工的工资级别
SELECT salary,grade_level
FROM employees AS e
INNER JOIN job_grades AS g
ON e.`salary` BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`
ORDER BY grade_level;
eg2.查询工资级别的个数大于20的级别,并按工资级别降序排序
SELECT salary,COUNT(*),grade_level
FROM employees AS e
INNER JOIN job_grades AS g
ON e.`salary` BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`
GROUP BY grade_level
HAVING COUNT(*)>20
ORDER BY grade_level DESC;
3、自连接
eg1.查询员工的名字和其上级的名字
SELECT e.last_name AS 员工名 ,m.last_name AS 主管名
FROM employees AS e
INNER JOIN employees AS m
ON e.`manager_id`=m.`employee_id`
ORDER BY e.last_name;
二、外连接
应用场景:用于查询一个表中有,另一个表中没有的记录
特点:
(1)外连接的查询结果为主表中所有的记录
如果从表中有和它匹配的,则显示匹配的值;如果从表中没有和它匹配的,则显示NULL
外连接查询结果=内连接结果+主表中有而从表中没有的记录
(2)左外连接,left join左边的是主表
右外连接,right join右边的是主表
(3)左外和右外交换两个表的顺序,可以实现同样的效果
1、左(右)外连接
eg1.查询没有男朋友的女生名
左外连接:
SELECT b.name,bo.*
FROM beauty AS b #主表
LEFT OUTER JOIN boys AS bo #从表
ON b.`boyfriend_id`=bo.`id`
WHERE bo.id IS NULL;
右外连接:
SELECT b.name,bo.*
FROM boys AS bo #从表
RIGHT OUTER JOIN beauty AS b #主表
ON b.`boyfriend_id`=bo.`id`
WHERE bo.id IS NULL;
eg2.查询哪个部门没有员工
左外连接:
SELECT d.*,e.employee_id
FROM departments AS d
LEFT OUTER JOIN employees AS e
ON d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
WHERE e.`employee_id` IS NULL;
右外连接:
SELECT d.*,e.employee_id
FROM employees AS e
RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments AS d
ON d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
WHERE e.`employee_id` IS NULL;
2、全外连接
全外连接=内连接的结果+表1中有但表2没有的+表2中有但表1中没有的
返回左右表中所有的记录和左右表中连接字段相等的记录。
eg1.
USE girls;
SELECT b.*,bo.*
FROM beauty AS b
FULL OUTER JOIN boys AS bo
ON b.`boyfriend_id`=bo.id
三、交叉连接
实现笛卡尔乘积
eg:
SELECT b.*,bo.*
FROM beauty AS b
CROSS JOIN boys AS bo
#sql92和sql99对比:
功能:sql99支持的较多
可读性:sql99实现了连接条件和筛选条件的分离,可读性较高