Python学习笔记-文件和异常

1、从文件中读取数据

• 读取整个文件

#关键字with在不需要访问文件后自动将其关闭
#open('pi_digits.txt')返回一个表示文件pi_digits.txt的对象，并将该对象存储在变量file_object中
#file_object.read()读取该文件对象对应文件的全部内容
#contents.rstrip()，由于read()读取到文件末尾时返回一个空字符串，rstrip()用于删除该空字符串
with open('pi_digits.txt') as file_object:
	contents = file_object.read()
	print(contents.rstrip())

• 逐行读取

filename = 'pi_digits.txt'

with open(filename) as file_object:
	for line in file_object:
		print(line.rstrip())

• 创建一个包含文件各行内容的列表

filename = 'pi_digits.txt'

#由于在with中返回的文件对象只在with代码块中可用
#如果要在with代码块外访问文件的内容，可将文件每行存储在列表中
with open(filename) as file_object:
	lines = file_object.readlines()
	
for line in lines:
	print(line.rstrip())

2、写入文件

• 写入空文件

filename = 'programming.txt'

#以写入模式'W'打开文件，如果文件不存在，则创建该文件，若已存在则清空文件内容
with open(filename, 'w') as file_object:
	file_object.write("I love you.")

• 在文件末尾写入

#以附加模式'a'打开文件，能够在文件末尾写入文件
with open(filename, 'a') as file_object:
	file_object.write("I love you.\n")
	file_object.write("What about you?\n")

3、异常

• 使用try-except代码块来处理可能引发的异常

1. 将可能引发异常的代码放在try代码块中
2. 将异常处理的代码放在except代码块中

try:
	print(9/0)
except ZeroDivisionError:
	print("You can't divide by zero!")

3. 将依赖于try代码块成功执行的代码放到else代码块中

print("Give me two numbers, and I'll divide them.")
print("Enter 'q' to quit.")

while True:
	first_number = input("\nFirst number: ")
	second_number = input("\nSecond number: ")
	if first_number == 'q' or second_number == 'q':
		break
	try:
		answer = int(first_number) / int(second_number)
	except ZeroDivisionError:
		print("You can't divide by 0!")
	else:
		print(answer)

• 处理FileNotFoundError异常

def count_words(filename):
	'''计算一个文件大概有多少个单词'''
	try:
		with open(filename) as file_object:
			contents = file_object.read()
	except FileNotFoundError:
		# msg = "Sorry, the file " + filename + " does not exist."
		# print(msg)
		pass
	else:
		#计算文件中包含多少个单词
		words = contents.split()
		num_words = len(words)
		print("The file " + filename + " has about " + str(num_words) + " words.")
		#计算文件中包含多少个'you' 
		you_count = words.count('you')
		print("'you': " + str(you_count))
		
filename = 'alice.txt'
count_words(filename)

4、使用json存储数据

• 使用json.dump()来存储数字列表

import json

numbers = [ 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 ]
filename = 'numbers.json'

with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
	json.dump(numbers, f_obj)

• 使用json.load()来读取列表到内存中

import json

filename = 'numbers.json'

with open(filename) as f_obj:
	numbers = json.load(f_obj)
	
print(numbers)

-练习

import json 

#如果以前存储了用户名，就加载它
#否则，就提示用户输入用户名存储它
filename = 'username.json'
try:
	with open(filename) as f_obj:
		username = json.load(f_obj)
except FileNotFoundError:
	username = input("What's your name? ")
	with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
		json.dump(username, f_obj)
		print("We'll remember you when you come back, " + username + "!")
else:
	print("Welcome back, " + username + "!")