Spring实战学习笔记(第二章:装配)

1.spring配置可选方案

在spring中，对象无需自己查找或创建其所关联的其他对象。相反，容器负责把需要相互协作的对象引用赋予各个对象。

创建对象之间的协作关系的行为通常称为装配，这也是依赖注入的本质。spring提供了3中主要的装配机制(可相互搭配)：

1. 在XML里面进行显示的配置
2. 在Java中进行显示的配置
3. 隐式的bean发现机制和自动装配

 建议顺序为 3>2>1

2.自动化装配bean

spring从两个角度来实现自动化装配：

• 组件扫描(component scanning)：spring会自动发现应用上下文中所发现的bean
• 自动装配(autowiring)：spring自动满足bean之间的依赖

组件扫描和自动装配组合在一起能够将你的显示配置降低到最少

package c2_wirebean;

// CompactDisc 接口在 java 中定义了 CD 的概念
public interface CompactDisc {
	
	void play();
	
}

package c2_wirebean;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

// 带有 @Component 注解的 CompactDisc 实现类 Sgtpeppers
@Component("compactDisc")
public class Sgtpeppers implements CompactDisc {

	private String title = "Sgtpeppers loney heart club band";
	private String artist = "the beatles";
	
	@Override
	public void play() {
		System.out.println("playing " + title + " by " + artist);	
	}

}

第一种：使用java配置类

package c2_wirebean;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

// 定义配置类
@Configuration 
// 定义扫描包,默认扫描与该类相同的包
@ComponentScan(basePackages = {"c2_wirebean"})
public class CDPlayerConfig {

}

package c2_wirebean;

// 静态导包
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner;

@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@ContextConfiguration(classes = CDPlayerConfig.class)
public class CDPlayerTest {
	
	@Autowired
	private CompactDisc cd;
	
	@Test
	public void cdShouldNotBeNull() {
		assertNotNull(cd);
		cd.play();
	}

}

第二种：使用xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans
	xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
	xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
	xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
	
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans 
	http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.2.xsd
	http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.2.xsd">

	<!-- 配置扫描包 -->
	<context:component-scan base-package="c2_wirebean"/>
	
</beans>

package c2_wirebean;

// 静态导包
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner;

@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@ContextConfiguration(value = {"/CDPlayerConfig.xml"})
public class CDPlayerTest2 {
	
	@Autowired
	private CompactDisc cd;
	
	@Test
	public void cdShouldNotBeNull() {
		assertNotNull(cd);
		cd.play();
	}

}

3.使用java代码配置bean

package c2_wirebean;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

// 定义配置类
@Configuration 
// 定义扫描包,默认扫描与该类相同的包
@ComponentScan(basePackages = {"c2_wirebean"})
public class CDPlayerConfig {

	@Bean(name="compactDisc") //可通过name指定bean的名称
	public CompactDisc sgtpeppers() {
		return new Sgtpeppers();
	}
}

我们在 sgtpeppers() 方法上添加了 @Bean 注解，在我们要使用 CompactDisc 对象的时候，spring会拦截所有对他的调用，并确保直接返回该方法所创建的bean，而不是每次都对他进行调用，因为spring创建的bean默认是单例的(singleton)。

4.使用XML配置bean

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans
	xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
	xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
	xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
	
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans 
	http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.2.xsd
	http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.2.xsd">

	<!-- 配置扫描包 -->
	<!-- <context:component-scan base-package="c2_wirebean"/> -->
	
	<bean id="compactDisc" class="c2_wirebean.Sgtpeppers"/>
	
</beans>

5.通过XML装配bean

package c2_wirebean;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;

public class Student {
	
	private String name;
	private Integer age;
	private List<String> course; 
	
	public Student() {}
	public Student(String name, Integer age) {
		this.name = name;
		this.age = age;
	}
	
	@Override
	public String toString() {
		return "Student [name=" + name + ", age=" + age + ", course=" + 
					StringUtils.join(course.stream().map(String::toUpperCase).collect(Collectors.joining(",", "{", "}")), "") + "]";
	}
	
	public String getName() {
		return name;
	}
	public void setName(String name) {
		this.name = name;
	}
	public Integer getAge() {
		return age;
	}
	public void setAge(Integer age) {
		this.age = age;
	}
	public List<String> getCourse() {
		return course;
	}
	public void setCourse(List<String> course) {
		this.course = course;
	}
	
	
}

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans
	xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
	xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
	xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
	xmlns:c="http://www.springframework.org/schema/c"
	xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
	xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"
	
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans 
	http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.2.xsd
	http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.2.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/util
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util.xsd">

	<!-- 配置扫描包 -->
	<!-- <context:component-scan base-package="c2_wirebean"/> -->
	
	<!-- <bean id="compactDisc" class="c2_wirebean.Sgtpeppers"/> -->
	
	<!-- 使用 constructor-arg 进行构造器参数的注入 -->
	<!-- <bean id="student" class="c2_wirebean.Student">
		<constructor-arg value="zhangsan"/>
		<constructor-arg value="18"/>
	</bean> -->
	
	<!-- 使用 c 命名空间注入  -->
	<!-- <bean id="student" class="c2_wirebean.Student"
		c:_title="zhangsan" c:_age="18"/> -->
		
	<!-- <bean id="student" class="c2_wirebean.Student"
		c:_0="zhangsan" c:_1="18"/> -->
	
	
	<!-- 使用 p 命名空间注入  -->
	<!-- <bean id="student" class="c2_wirebean.Student"
		p:name="zhangsan" p:age="18"/>  -->
		
	<!-- 在 Student 类中添加一个课程的list属性-->
	<!-- <bean id="student" class="c2_wirebean.Student" p:name="zhangsan" p:age="18">
		<property name="course">
			<list>
				<value>Chinese</value>
				<value>Math</value>
				<value>English</value>
			</list>
		</property> 	
	</bean> -->
	<!-- 注：list和set区别不大，最重要的不同在于当Spring在创建要装配的集合时，所创建的是java.util.List还是java.util.Set
		 如果是 Set的话，所有重复值会被忽略掉，存放顺序也没有保障-->
	
	<!-- 使用util:list -->
	<bean id="student" class="c2_wirebean.Student" p:name="zhangsan" p:age="18" p:course-ref="course"/>
	
	<util:list id="course">
		<value>Chinese</value>
		<value>Math</value>
		<value>English</value>
	</util:list>
	
</beans>

输出：