原文来自:https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Elasticity/Principal_stresses
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Elasticity/Principal_strains
Principal stress
The principal stresses are the components of the stress tensor when the basis is changed in such a way that the shear stress components become zero. To find the principal stresses in two dimensions, we have to find the angle at which
. This angle is given by
Plugging into the transformation equations for stress we get,
Where are the shear tractions usually zero in a body?
The principal stresses in three dimensions are a bit more tedious to calculate. They are given by,
where,
The quantities are the stress invariants.
Note: Be careful while implementing above relations in a solver, as the value of:
can be out of range of , which is (-1, 1).
Principal strain
The principal values (eigenvalues) of a strain tensor
are called the principal strains.
If the corresponding principal directions (eigenvectors) are , then
is called the spectral decomposition of .