设计模式-状态模式（State）

最新推荐文章于 2024-05-20 00:15:00 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-05-20 00:15:00 发布

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本文出自 http://blog.csdn.net/shuangde800

基本常识: 策略模式和状态模式是双胞胎,在出生时才分开

认识状态模式
假设有一个糖果机, 它的工作状态图如下:

要用代码实现糖果机的功能, 如果不用状态模式:

一种方法是创建一个类,它的作用就是一个状态机,对每一个动作,我们都创建了一个对应的方法,这些方法用条件语句来决定在每一个状态内什么方法是最恰当的.比如对"投入25分钱"这个动作,对应的方法如下:

// 我们根据糖果机的状态,定义4种状态,用整形常量来表示
final static int SOLD_OUT= 0; // 糖果卖完了
final static int NO_QUARTER = 1; // 没有投钱
final static int HAS_QUARTER = 2; // 已投钱了
final static int SOLD = 3; // 正在出售糖果
public void insertQurter() {

// 根据不同的状态,会有不同的动作反应
if (state == HAS_QUARTER) {
// do something
} else if (state == SOLD_OUT) {
// do something
} else if (state == SOLD) {
// do something
} else if (state == NO_QUARTER) {
// do something
}
}

这样做的缺点:
会产生大量的if...else语句, 代码将很不容易改变, 难以拓展.
没有遵守"开放-关闭"原则

不符合面向对象

状态转换隐藏在条件语句中,所以并不明显

没有把会改变的部分包装起来

未来加入的代码可能导致bug

是时候学习新的设计模式了

定义状态模式
状态模式允许对象在内部状态改变时改变它的行为,对象看起来好像修改了它的类

因为这个模式将状态封装成为独立的类，并将动作委托到代表当前状态的对象，我们知道行为会随着内部状态而改变。

Contex（上下文）：是一个类，它可以拥有一些内部状态。

State接口：定义了一个所有具体状态的共同接口；任何状态都实现这个相同的接口，这样一来，状态之间可以互相替换

ConcreteState(具体状态): 处理来自Context的请求.每个ConcreteState都提供了它自己对于请求的实现.所以,当Context改变状态时行为也跟着改变

状态模式的类图和策略模式的基本一模一样, 但它们的"意图"不一样

状态模式允许Context随着状态的改变而改变行为.

策略模式通常会用行为或算法来配置Context类. 通常某个Context类只有一个最适当的策略.

使用状态模式通常那个会导致设计中的类数目大量增加. 因为"一个类,一个责任"原则

用状态模式实现糖果机
状态类图:

1. 实现State接口

public interface State {

// 封装四种动作
   public void insertQuarter(); // 投币
   public void ejectQuarter(); // 退币
   public void turnCrank(); // 转动摇柄
   public void dispense(); // 发糖果
}

2. 实现具体的状态

// 没有投币的状态
public class NoQuarterState implements State {
GumballMachine gumballMachine;

public NoQuarterState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
}

   public void insertQuarter() {
       System.out.println("You inserted a quarter");
       gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getHasQuarterState());
   }

   public void ejectQuarter() {
       System.out.println("You haven't inserted a quarter");
   }

   public void turnCrank() {
       System.out.println("You turned, but there's no quarter");
   }

   public void dispense() {
       System.out.println("You need to pay first");
   }

   public String toString() {
       return "waiting for quarter";
   }
}

// 已经投币的状态
public class HasQuarterState implements State {
   GumballMachine gumballMachine;

   public HasQuarterState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
       this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
   }

   public void insertQuarter() {
       System.out.println("You can't insert another quarter");
   }

   public void ejectQuarter() {
       System.out.println("Quarter returned");
       gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getNoQuarterState());
   }

   public void turnCrank() {
       System.out.println("You turned...");
       gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getSoldState());
   }

public void dispense() {
System.out.println("No gumball dispensed");
}

   public String toString() {
       return "waiting for turn of crank";
   }
}

// 正在售出的状态
public class SoldState implements State {

GumballMachine gumballMachine;

public SoldState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
}

   public void insertQuarter() {
       System.out.println("Please wait, we're already giving you a gumball");
   }

   public void ejectQuarter() {
       System.out.println("Sorry, you already turned the crank");
   }

   public void turnCrank() {
       System.out.println("Turning twice doesn't get you another gumball!");
   }

   public void dispense() {
       gumballMachine.releaseBall();
       if (gumballMachine.getCount() > 0) {
           gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getNoQuarterState());
       } else {
           System.out.println("Oops, out of gumballs!");
           gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getSoldOutState());
       }
   }

   public String toString() {
       return "dispensing a gumball";
   }
}

// 售完的状态
public class SoldOutState implements State {
GumballMachine gumballMachine;

public SoldOutState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
}

   public void insertQuarter() {
       System.out.println("You can't insert a quarter, the machine is sold out");
   }

   public void ejectQuarter() {
       System.out.println("You can't eject, you haven't inserted a quarter yet");
   }

   public void turnCrank() {
       System.out.println("You turned, but there are no gumballs");
   }

   public void dispense() {
       System.out.println("No gumball dispensed");
   }

   public String toString() {
       return "sold out";
   }
}

3. 实现Context

public class GumballMachine {

   State soldOutState;
   State noQuarterState;
   State hasQuarterState;
   State soldState;

   State state = soldOutState;
   int count = 0;

   public GumballMachine(int numberGumballs) {
       soldOutState = new SoldOutState(this);
       noQuarterState = new NoQuarterState(this);
       hasQuarterState = new HasQuarterState(this);
       soldState = new SoldState(this);

       this.count = numberGumballs;
        if (numberGumballs > 0) {
           state = noQuarterState;
       }
   }

   public void insertQuarter() {
       state.insertQuarter();
   }

   public void ejectQuarter() {
       state.ejectQuarter();
   }

   public void turnCrank() {
       state.turnCrank();
       state.dispense();
   }

   void setState(State state) {
       this.state = state;
   }

   void releaseBall() {
       System.out.println("A gumball comes rolling out the slot...");
       if (count != 0) {
           count = count - 1;
       }
   }

   int getCount() {
       return count;
   }

   void refill(int count) {
       this.count = count;
       state = noQuarterState;
   }

public State getState() {
return state;
}

public State getSoldOutState() {
return soldOutState;
}

public State getNoQuarterState() {
return noQuarterState;
}

public State getHasQuarterState() {
return hasQuarterState;
}

public State getSoldState() {
return soldState;
}

   public String toString() {
       StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer();
       result.append("\nMighty Gumball, Inc.");
       result.append("\nJava-enabled Standing Gumball Model #2004");
       result.append("\nInventory: " + count + " gumball");
       if (count != 1) {
           result.append("s");
       }
       result.append("\n");
       result.append("Machine is " + state + "\n");
       return result.toString();
   }
}

4. 测试类
public class GumballMachineTestDrive {

   public static void main(String[] args) {
       GumballMachine gumballMachine = new GumballMachine(5);

       System.out.println(gumballMachine);

       gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
       gumballMachine.turnCrank();

       System.out.println(gumballMachine);

       gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
       gumballMachine.turnCrank();
       gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
       gumballMachine.turnCrank();

       System.out.println(gumballMachine);
   }
}