快速排序(Quick sort)最早由东尼·霍尔提出,它又称划分交换排序(partition-exchange sort),简称快排。在平均状况下,排序 个项目要 次比较。在最坏状况下则需要次比较,但这种状况并不常见。事实上,快速排序通常明显比其他 算法更快,因为它的内部循环(inner loop)可以在大部分的架构上很有效率地被实现出来。
快速排序使用分治法(Divide and conquer)策略来把一个串行(list)分为两个子串行(sub-lists)。快速排序又是一种分而治之思想在排序算法上的典型应用。本质上来看,快速排序应该算是在冒泡排序基础上的递归分治法。快速排序的名字起的是简单粗暴,因为一听到这个名字你就知道它存在的意义,就是快,而且效率高!它是处理大数据最快的排序算法之一了。虽然 z最欢 的时间复杂度达到了 ,但是人家就是优秀,在大多数情况下都比平均时间复杂度为 的排序算法表现要更好,《算法艺术与信息学竞赛》上说:快速排序的最坏运行情况是 ,比如说顺序数列的快排。但它的平摊期望时间是 ,且 记号中隐含的常数因子很小,比复杂度稳定等于的归并排序要小很多。所以,对绝大多数顺序性较弱的随机数列而言,快速排序总是优于归并排序。
1. 算法步骤
(1)挑选基准值:从数列中挑出一个元素,称为 "基准"(pivot);
(2)分割:重新排序数列,所有元素比基准值小的摆放在基准前面,所有元素比基准值大的摆在基准的后面(相同的数可以到任一边)。在这个分区退出之后,该基准就处于数列的中间位置。这个称为分区(partition)操作;
(3)递归排序子序列:递归地(recursive)把小于基准值元素的子数列和大于基准值元素的子数列排序;
递归到最底部的判断条件是数列的大小是0或1,此时该数列显然已经有序。
选取基准值有数种具体方法,此选取方法对排序的时间性能有决定性影响。
2. 算法复杂度
最坏时间复杂度:
最优时间复杂度:
平均时间复杂度:
最坏空间复杂度:
3. 动图演示
4. 代码实现
(1)Python
def quickSort(arr, left=None, right=None):
left = 0 if not isinstance(left,(int, float)) else left
right = len(arr)-1 if not isinstance(right,(int, float)) else right
if left < right:
partitionIndex = partition(arr, left, right)
quickSort(arr, left, partitionIndex-1)
quickSort(arr, partitionIndex+1, right)
return arr
def partition(arr, left, right):
pivot = left
index = pivot+1
i = index
while i <= right:
if arr[i] < arr[pivot]:
swap(arr, i, index)
index+=1
i+=1
swap(arr,pivot,index-1)
return index-1
def swap(arr, i, j):
arr[i], arr[j] = arr[j], arr[i]
(2)Java
public class QuickSort implements IArraySort {
@Override
public int[] sort(int[] sourceArray) throws Exception {
// 对 arr 进行拷贝,不改变参数内容
int[] arr = Arrays.copyOf(sourceArray, sourceArray.length);
return quickSort(arr, 0, arr.length - 1);
}
private int[] quickSort(int[] arr, int left, int right) {
if (left < right) {
int partitionIndex = partition(arr, left, right);
quickSort(arr, left, partitionIndex - 1);
quickSort(arr, partitionIndex + 1, right);
}
return arr;
}
private int partition(int[] arr, int left, int right) {
// 设定基准值(pivot)
int pivot = left;
int index = pivot + 1;
for (int i = index; i <= right; i++) {
if (arr[i] < arr[pivot]) {
swap(arr, i, index);
index++;
}
}
swap(arr, pivot, index - 1);
return index - 1;
}
private void swap(int[] arr, int i, int j) {
int temp = arr[i];
arr[i] = arr[j];
arr[j] = temp;
}
}
(3)JavaScript
function quickSort(arr, left, right) {
var len = arr.length,
partitionIndex,
left = typeof left != 'number' ? 0 : left,
right = typeof right != 'number' ? len - 1 : right;
if (left < right) {
partitionIndex = partition(arr, left, right);
quickSort(arr, left, partitionIndex-1);
quickSort(arr, partitionIndex+1, right);
}
return arr;
}
function partition(arr, left ,right) { // 分区操作
var pivot = left, // 设定基准值(pivot)
index = pivot + 1;
for (var i = index; i <= right; i++) {
if (arr[i] < arr[pivot]) {
swap(arr, i, index);
index++;
}
}
swap(arr, pivot, index - 1);
return index-1;
}
function swap(arr, i, j) {
var temp = arr[i];
arr[i] = arr[j];
arr[j] = temp;
}
function partition2(arr, low, high) {
let pivot = arr[low];
while (low < high) {
while (low < high && arr[high] > pivot) {
--high;
}
arr[low] = arr[high];
while (low < high && arr[low] <= pivot) {
++low;
}
arr[high] = arr[low];
}
arr[low] = pivot;
return low;
}
function quickSort2(arr, low, high) {
if (low < high) {
let pivot = partition2(arr, low, high);
quickSort2(arr, low, pivot - 1);
quickSort2(arr, pivot + 1, high);
}
return arr;
}
(4)C++
//严蔚敏《数据结构》标准分割函数
Paritition1(int A[], int low, int high) {
int pivot = A[low];
while (low < high) {
while (low < high && A[high] >= pivot) {
--high;
}
A[low] = A[high];
while (low < high && A[low] <= pivot) {
++low;
}
A[high] = A[low];
}
A[low] = pivot;
return low;
}
void QuickSort(int A[], int low, int high) //快排母函数
{
if (low < high) {
int pivot = Paritition1(A, low, high);
QuickSort(A, low, pivot - 1);
QuickSort(A, pivot + 1, high);
}
}
//函数法
sort(a,a + n);// 排序a[0]-a[n-1]的所有数.
//迭代法
// 参考:http://www.dutor.net/index.php/2011/04/recursive-iterative-quick-sort/
struct Range {
int start, end;
Range(int s = 0, int e = 0) {
start = s, end = e;
}
};
template <typename T> // 整數或浮點數皆可使用,若要使用物件(class)時必須設定"小於"(<)、"大於"(>)、"不小於"(>=)的運算子功能
void quick_sort(T arr[], const int len) {
if (len <= 0)
return; // 避免len等於負值時宣告堆疊陣列當機
// r[]模擬堆疊,p為數量,r[p++]為push,r[--p]為pop且取得元素
Range r[len];
int p = 0;
r[p++] = Range(0, len - 1);
while (p) {
Range range = r[--p];
if (range.start >= range.end)
continue;
T mid = arr[range.end];
int left = range.start, right = range.end - 1;
while (left < right) {
while (arr[left] < mid && left < right) left++;
while (arr[right] >= mid && left < right) right--;
std::swap(arr[left], arr[right]);
}
if (arr[left] >= arr[range.end])
std::swap(arr[left], arr[range.end]);
else
left++;
r[p++] = Range(range.start, left - 1);
r[p++] = Range(left + 1, range.end);
}
}
//递归法
template <typename T>
void quick_sort_recursive(T arr[], int start, int end) {
if (start >= end)
return;
T mid = arr[end];
int left = start, right = end - 1;
while (left < right) { //在整个范围内搜寻比枢纽元值小或大的元素,然后将左侧元素与右侧元素交换
while (arr[left] < mid && left < right) //试图在左侧找到一个比枢纽元更大的元素
left++;
while (arr[right] >= mid && left < right) //试图在右侧找到一个比枢纽元更小的元素
right--;
std::swap(arr[left], arr[right]); //交换元素
}
if (arr[left] >= arr[end])
std::swap(arr[left], arr[end]);
else
left++;
quick_sort_recursive(arr, start, left - 1);
quick_sort_recursive(arr, left + 1, end);
}
template <typename T> //整數或浮點數皆可使用,若要使用物件(class)時必須設定"小於"(<)、"大於"(>)、"不小於"(>=)的運算子功能
void quick_sort(T arr[], int len) {
quick_sort_recursive(arr, 0, len - 1);
}
(5)C
typedef struct _Range {
int start, end;
} Range;
Range new_Range(int s, int e) {
Range r;
r.start = s;
r.end = e;
return r;
}
void swap(int *x, int *y) {
int t = *x;
*x = *y;
*y = t;
}
void quick_sort(int arr[], const int len) {
if (len <= 0)
return; // 避免len等於負值時引發段錯誤(Segment Fault)
// r[]模擬列表,p為數量,r[p++]為push,r[--p]為pop且取得元素
Range r[len];
int p = 0;
r[p++] = new_Range(0, len - 1);
while (p) {
Range range = r[--p];
if (range.start >= range.end)
continue;
int mid = arr[(range.start + range.end) / 2]; // 選取中間點為基準點
int left = range.start, right = range.end;
do {
while (arr[left] < mid) ++left; // 檢測基準點左側是否符合要求
while (arr[right] > mid) --right; //檢測基準點右側是否符合要求
if (left <= right) {
swap(&arr[left], &arr[right]);
left++;
right--; // 移動指針以繼續
}
} while (left <= right);
if (range.start < right) r[p++] = new_Range(range.start, right);
if (range.end > left) r[p++] = new_Range(left, range.end);
}
}
//递归法
void swap(int *x, int *y) {
int t = *x;
*x = *y;
*y = t;
}
void quick_sort_recursive(int arr[], int start, int end) {
if (start >= end)
return;
int mid = arr[end];
int left = start, right = end - 1;
while (left < right) {
while (arr[left] < mid && left < right)
left++;
while (arr[right] >= mid && left < right)
right--;
swap(&arr[left], &arr[right]);
}
if (arr[left] >= arr[end])
swap(&arr[left], &arr[end]);
else
left++;
if (left)
quick_sort_recursive(arr, start, left - 1);
quick_sort_recursive(arr, left + 1, end);
}
void quick_sort(int arr[], int len) {
quick_sort_recursive(arr, 0, len - 1);
}
(6)C#
public static void Sort(int[] numbers)
{
Sort(numbers, 0, numbers.Length - 1);
}
private static void Sort(int[] numbers, int left, int right)
{
if (left < right)
{
int middle = numbers[(left + right) / 2];
int i = left - 1;
int j = right + 1;
while (true)
{
while (numbers[++i] < middle) ;
while (numbers[--j] > middle) ;
if (i >= j)
break;
Swap(numbers, i, j);
}
Sort(numbers, left, i - 1);
Sort(numbers, j + 1, right);
}
}
private static void Swap(int[] numbers, int i, int j)
{
int number = numbers[i];
numbers[i] = numbers[j];
numbers[j] = number;
}
(7)Go
func qsort(data []int) {
if len(data) <= 1 {
return
}
mid := data[0]
head, tail := 0, len(data)-1
for i := 1; i <= tail; {
if data[i] > mid {
data[i], data[tail] = data[tail], data[i]
tail--
} else {
data[i], data[head] = data[head], data[i]
head++
i++
}
}
qsort(data[:head])
qsort(data[head+1:])
}
(8)PHP
//从尾端取元素作为比较基准
function quick_sort($arr) {
$len = count($arr);
if ($len <= 1)
return $arr;
$left = $right = array();
$mid_value = $arr[0];
for ($i = 1; $i < $len; $i++)
if ($arr[$i] < $mid_value)
$left[] = $arr[$i];
else
$right[] = $arr[$i];
return array_merge(quick_sort($left), (array)$mid_value, quick_sort($right));
}
//从正中间取元素作为比较基准
function quick_sort($arr) {
$len = count($arr);
if ($len <= 1)
return $arr;
$left = $right = array();
$mid_index = $len>>1;
$mid_value = $arr[$mid_index];
for ($i = 0; $i < $len; $i++) {
if ($i == $mid_index)
continue;
if ($arr[$i] < $mid_value)
$left[] = $arr[$i];
else
$right[] = $arr[$i];
}
return array_merge(quick_sort($left), (array)$mid_value, quick_sort($right));
}
$arr = array(21, 34, 3, 32, 82, 55, 89, 50, 37, 5, 64, 35, 9, 70);
$arr = quick_sort($arr);
for ($i = 0; $i < count($arr); $i++) {
echo $arr[$i] . ' ';
}
(9)Ruby
def quick_sort(array)
return array if array.size < 2
left, right = array[1..-1].partition { |y| y <= array.first }
quick_sort(left) + [array.first] + quick_sort(right)
end
(10)VB.NET
Public Shared Sub Sort(numbers As Integer())
Sort(numbers, 0, numbers.Length - 1)
End Sub
Private Shared Sub Sort(numbers As Integer(), left As Integer, right As Integer)
If left < right Then
Dim middle As Integer = numbers((left + right) \ 2)
Dim i As Integer = left - 1
Dim j As Integer = right + 1
While True
Do
i+=1
Loop While numbers(i) <= middle
Do
j-=1
Loop While numbers(j) >= middle
If i >= j Then
Exit While
End If
Swap(numbers, i, j)
End While
Sort(numbers, left, i - 1)
Sort(numbers, j + 1, right)
End If
End Sub
Private Shared Sub Swap(numbers As Integer(), i As Integer, j As Integer)
Dim number As Integer = numbers(i)
numbers(i) = numbers(j)
numbers(j) = number
End Sub
参考来源:http://www.runoob.com/w3cnote/quick-sort-2.html
GitHub推荐:https://github.com/hustcc/JS-Sorting-Algorithm/blob/master/6.quickSort.md
原文地址:https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F