The rhetorics of sovereignty: representing Indian territory in nineteenth-century newspapers 【翻译】

ABSTRACT
“The Rhetorics of Sovereignty: Representing Indian Territory in Nineteenth-
Century Newspapers and Journals” explores issues of Native American sovereignty in
newspapers and journals published in and about places imagined as “Indian territory.”
Each chapter of this project explores how Indian territories were identified by different
reading publics as both “space” and “place,” as “empty” places on maps to be filled by
ideas about how Native peoples should live, and as places with concrete, local affiliations
based on the experience of the Native people who wrote about living in these territories.
The project explores connections between publics of readers and ideas about Indian
territories through an analysis of The Cherokee Phoenix, the first Native American
newspaper in North America, which was published at New Echota, Georgia beginning in
1828; Copway’s American Indian, the newspaper published in New York during 1851 by
the Ojibwa author George Copway; Ramona Days, the quarterly publication of the
Ramona Indian Industrial school published at Santa Fe, New Mexico Territory from 1887
to 1889; Our Brother in Red, which was published in Muskogee, Indian Territory from
1882 to1899; and the contemporary, online version of The Cherokee Phoenix, published
at Tahlequah, Oklahoma. I assess how the journals construct ideas of Indian Territory
through the concept of “rhetorical sovereignty,” which Richard Scott Lyons
(Ojibwe/Mdewakanton Dakota) defines as “the inherent right and ability of peoples to
determine their own communicative needs and desires” and “to decide for themselves the
goals, modes, styles, and languages of public discourse.” I argue that while the journals
articulate Anglo-American ideas about Indian Territory as a location for Native
civilization as well as sites for geographic assimilation into the United States, they also
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reveal “rhetorically sovereign” discourse and imagery, in which Indigenous people
construct their own representations of Indian Territory. Because the journals demonstrate
that Indian Territory was as much an idea as a geographic place during the nineteenth
century, I argue that the nineteenth-century idea of Indian Territory was socially
constructed, unstable, and subject to changing geographical, political, and cultural
circumstances; however, I conclude that the concept maintains contemporary relevance to
Native peoples in North America.
Abstract Approved: _______________________________________________
Thesis Supervisor
_________________________________________________
Title and Department
________________________________________________
Date
THE RHETORICS OF SOVEREIGNTY: REPRESENTING INDIAN TERRITORY IN
NINETEENTH-CENTURY NEWSPAPERS AND JOURNALS
by
Anne Marie Peterson
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the Doctor of
Philosophy degree in English
in the Graduate College of
The University of Iowa
May 2011
Thesis Supervisor: Associate Professor Kathleen Diffley
Copyright by
ANNE MARIE PETERSON
2011
All Rights Reserved
Graduate College
The University of Iowa
Iowa City, Iowa
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
________________________________
PH.D. THESIS
_________________
This is to certify that the Ph.D. thesis of
Anne Marie Peterson
has been approved by the Examining Committee
for the thesis requirement for the Doctor of Philosophy
degree in English at the May 2011 graduation.
Thesis Committee: __________________________________________
Kathleen Diffley, Thesis Supervisor
__________________________________________
Phillip Round
__________________________________________
Linda Bolton
__________________________________________
Ed Folsom
__________________________________________
Jacki Rand
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To Lois and Carrol Peterson
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am grateful to the Newberry Library where a graduate seminar in Native
American history and culture in 2003 and a subsequent Graduate Fellowship in 2008
helped me to complete archival research important to every chapter of this project.
My gratitude also goes to my director, Kathleen Diffley, whose patient and
thorough readings of dissertation drafts and insightful commentary made just about every
aspect of the ideas presented here possible. In addition, I thank my other committee
members in the English department at Iowa: Phil Round, Linda Bolton, and Ed Folsom.
Whether it be through classes, discussions, or readings of drafts and essays, each of these
faculty members has provided encouragement throughout the creation of this project.
Thanks go to Jacki Rand in the University of Iowa Department of History. The classes I
have taken from her and the knowledge of Native American history and culture she has
shared have been immeasurably helpful.
My acknowledgments would not be complete without a thank you to the
intellectual support and true friendship of my writing group. Kathleen Diffley, Jennifer
McGovern, and Lori Muntz have always offered detailed, thoughtful commentary and
rigorous readings of my work that have been indispensable. I thank my parents, Lois and
Carrol Peterson, for fostering in me the stubbornness to complete archival work. And,
finally, I owe a great deal to Andrew Macdonald, without whose support this project could
not have been completed.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION “AT THE PLACE OF BEGINNING”:IMAGINING INDIAN
TERRITORY IN THE CHEROKEE PHOENIX ........................... 1
CHAPTER
ONE “EVER-TO-BE” INDIAN TERRITORY: GEORGE COPWAY’S
POETICS OF PLACE IN COPWAY’S AMERICAN INDIAN ................. 34
TWO RAMONA DAYS: IMAGINING NEW MEXICO TERRITORY ............ 88
“Marked Grace and Design”: Didactic Architecture at the
Ramona School………………………………………………………….90
A Grand Scenic Region…......…………………………………………120
Excursionsts and Tourists……………………………………………...129
Teaching Objects……………………………………………………….131
“A Special Indian Girl”………………………………………………...135
“I Write This my-self”………………………………………………….140
THREE “THAT IS A HOME PAPER!”: OUR BROTHER IN RED’S
“MATERNAL COMMONWEALTH” ................................................. 149
“Religious and Educational Subjects”: Teaching an idea
of Indian Territory…………………………………………..………….152
“Christian Education, the Hope of the Indian”: Our Brother in Red’s
Light in a Textual Terrain…………..…………………………..……...168
“No Schism in the Body”: Sentimental Discourse and the Maternal
Commonwealth…………………………………………………………174
“For God and Home and Native Land”: Our Brother in Red and
Muscogee Woman’s Public Sphere …………………………………...187
CONCLUSION: VIRTUAL SOVEREIGNTY ............................................................. 199
WORKS CITED ............................................................................................................ 211

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