【Spring学习笔记二】

最新推荐文章于 2024-10-09 17:12:21 发布

hongjianxiang

最新推荐文章于 2024-10-09 17:12:21 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/hongjianxiang/article/details/129865472

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2.2.12、实验十二：bean的生命周期

①具体的生命周期过程

bean对象创建（调用无参构造器）
给bean对象设置属性
bean对象初始化之前操作（由bean的后置处理器负责）
bean对象初始化（需在配置bean时指定初始化方法）
bean对象初始化之后操作（由bean的后置处理器负责）
bean对象就绪可以使用
bean对象销毁（需在配置bean时指定销毁方法）
IOC容器关闭

②创建类User

public class User {
    private Integer id;
    private String username;
    private String password;
    private Integer age;
    public User() {
        System.out.println("生命周期：1、实例化");
    }
    public User(Integer id, String username, String password, Integer age) {
        this.id = id;
        this.username = username;
        this.password = password;
        this.age = age;
    }
    public Integer getId() {
        return id;
    }
    public void setId(Integer id) {
        System.out.println("生命周期：2、依赖注入");
        this.id = id;
    }
    public String getUsername() {
        return username;
    }
    public void setUsername(String username) {
        this.username = username;
    }
    public String getPassword() {
        return password;
    }
    public void setPassword(String password) {
        this.password = password;
    }
    public Integer getAge() {
        return age;
    }
    public void setAge(Integer age) {
        this.age = age;
    }
    public void initMethod(){
        System.out.println("生命周期：3、初始化");
    }
    public void destroyMethod(){
        System.out.println("生命周期：5、销毁");
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "User{" +
            "id=" + id +
            ", username='" + username + '\'' +
            ", password='" + password + '\'' +
            ", age=" + age +
            '}';
    }
}

注意其中的initMethod()和destroyMethod()，可以通过配置bean指定为初始化和销毁的方法

③配置bean

<!-- 使用init-method属性指定初始化方法 -->
<!-- 使用destroy-method属性指定销毁方法 -->
    <bean id="user" class="com.atguigu.spring.pojo.User" init-method="initMethod" destroy-method="destroyMethod">
        <property name="id" value="1"></property>
        <property name="username" value="admin"></property>
        <property name="password" value="123456"></property>
        <property name="age" value="23"></property>
    </bean>

④测试

@Test
    public void test(){
        //ConfigurableApplicationContext是ApplicationContext的子接口，其中拓展了刷新和关闭容器的方法
        ConfigurableApplicationContext ioc = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-lifecycle.xml");
        User user = ioc.getBean(User.class);
        System.out.println(user);
        ioc.close();
    }

在这里插入图片描述注意
若bean的作用域为单例，生命周期的前三个步骤汇总获取IOC容器时执行。
若bean的作用域为多例，生命周期的前三个步骤汇总获取bean执行。

⑤bean的后置处理器

bean的后置处理器会在生命周期的初始化前后添加额外的操作，需要实现BeanPostProcessor接口，

且配置到IOC容器中，需要注意的是，bean后置处理器不是单独针对某一个bean生效，而是针对IOC容器中所有bean都会执行

创建bean的后置处理器：

public class MyBeanPostProcessor implements BeanPostProcessor {
    @Override
    public Object postProcessBeforeInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {
        //生命周期初始化前执行。
        System.out.println("MyBeanPostProcessor------>后置处理器postProcessBeforeInitialization");
        return bean;
    }

    @Override
    public Object postProcessAfterInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {
        //生命周期初始化后执行。
        System.out.println("MyBeanPostProcessor------>后置处理器postProcessAfterInitialization");
        return bean;
    }
}

在IOC容器中配置后置处理器：
< bean id=“myBeanProcessor” class=“com.atguigu.spring.process.MyBeanPostProcessor”/>

在这里插入图片描述 ### 2.2.13、实验十三：FactoryBean

①简介

FactoryBean是Spring提供的一种整合第三方框架的常用机制。和普通的bean不同，配置一个

FactoryBean类型的bean，在获取bean的时候得到的并不是class属性中配置的这个类的对象，而是

getObject()方法的返回值。通过这种机制，Spring可以帮我们把复杂组件创建的详细过程和繁琐细节都屏蔽起来，只把最简洁的使界面展示给我们。

将来我们整合Mybatis时，Spring就是通过FactoryBean机制来帮我们创建SqlSessionFactory对象的

/*
* Copyright 2002-2020 the original author or authors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.springframework.beans.factory;
import org.springframework.lang.Nullable;
/**
* Interface to be implemented by objects used within a {@link BeanFactory}
which
* are themselves factories for individual objects. If a bean implements this
* interface, it is used as a factory for an object to expose, not directly as a
* bean instance that will be exposed itself.
*
* <p><b>NB: A bean that implements this interface cannot be used as a normal
bean.</b>
* A FactoryBean is defined in a bean style, but the object exposed for bean
* references ({@link #getObject()}) is always the object that it creates.
*
* <p>FactoryBeans can support singletons and prototypes, and can either create
* objects lazily on demand or eagerly on startup. The {@link SmartFactoryBean}
* interface allows for exposing more fine-grained behavioral metadata.
*
* <p>This interface is heavily used within the framework itself, for example
for
* the AOP {@link org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean} or the
* {@link org.springframework.jndi.JndiObjectFactoryBean}. It can be used for
* custom components as well; however, this is only common for infrastructure
code.
*
* <p><b>{@code FactoryBean} is a programmatic contract. Implementations are not
* supposed to rely on annotation-driven injection or other reflective
facilities.</b>
* {@link #getObjectType()} {@link #getObject()} invocations may arrive early in
the
* bootstrap process, even ahead of any post-processor setup. If you need access
to
* other beans, implement {@link BeanFactoryAware} and obtain them
programmatically.
*
* <p><b>The container is only responsible for managing the lifecycle of the
FactoryBean
* instance, not the lifecycle of the objects created by the FactoryBean.</b>
Therefore,
* a destroy method on an exposed bean object (such as {@link
java.io.Closeable#close()}
* will <i>not</i> be called automatically. Instead, a FactoryBean should
implement
* {@link DisposableBean} and delegate any such close call to the underlying
object.
*
* <p>Finally, FactoryBean objects participate in the containing BeanFactory's
* synchronization of bean creation. There is usually no need for internal
* synchronization other than for purposes of lazy initialization within the
* FactoryBean itself (or the like).
*
* @author Rod Johnson
* @author Juergen Hoeller
* @since 08.03.2003
* @param <T> the bean type
* @see org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanFactory
* @see org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean
* @see org.springframework.jndi.JndiObjectFactoryBean
*/
public interface FactoryBean<T> {
    /**
* The name of an attribute that can be
* {@link org.springframework.core.AttributeAccessor#setAttribute set} on a
* {@link org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanDefinition} so that
* factory beans can signal their object type when it can't be deduced from
* the factory bean class.
* @since 5.2
*/
    String OBJECT_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE = "factoryBeanObjectType";
    /**
* Return an instance (possibly shared or independent) of the object
* managed by this factory.
* <p>As with a {@link BeanFactory}, this allows support for both the
* Singleton and Prototype design pattern.
* <p>If this FactoryBean is not fully initialized yet at the time of
* the call (for example because it is involved in a circular reference),
* throw a corresponding {@link FactoryBeanNotInitializedException}.
* <p>As of Spring 2.0, FactoryBeans are allowed to return {@code null}
* objects. The factory will consider this as normal value to be used; it
* will not throw a FactoryBeanNotInitializedException in this case anymore.
* FactoryBean implementations are encouraged to throw
* FactoryBeanNotInitializedException themselves now, as appropriate.
* @return an instance of the bean (can be {@code null})
* @throws Exception in case of creation errors
* @see FactoryBeanNotInitializedException
*/
    @Nullable
    T getObject() throws Exception;
    /**
* Return the type of object that this FactoryBean creates,
* or {@code null} if not known in advance.
* <p>This allows one to check for specific types of beans without
* instantiating objects, for example on autowiring.
* <p>In the case of implementations that are creating a singleton object,
* this method should try to avoid singleton creation as far as possible;
* it should rather estimate the type in advance.
* For prototypes, returning a meaningful type here is advisable too.
* <p>This method can be called <i>before</i> this FactoryBean has
* been fully initialized. It must not rely on state created during
* initialization; of course, it can still use such state if available.
* <p><b>NOTE:</b> Autowiring will simply ignore FactoryBeans that return
* {@code null} here. Therefore it is highly recommended to implement
* this method properly, using the current state of the FactoryBean.
* @return the type of object that this FactoryBean creates,
* or {@code null} if not known at the time of the call
* @see ListableBeanFactory#getBeansOfType
*/
    @Nullable
    Class<?> getObjectType();
    /**
* Is the object managed by this factory a singleton? That is,
* will {@link #getObject()} always return the same object
* (a reference that can be cached)?
* <p><b>NOTE:</b> If a FactoryBean indicates to hold a singleton object,
* the object returned from {@code getObject()} might get cached
* by the owning BeanFactory. Hence, do not return {@code true}
* unless the FactoryBean always exposes the same reference.
* <p>The singleton status of the FactoryBean itself will generally
* be provided by the owning BeanFactory; usually, it has to be
* defined as singleton there.
* <p><b>NOTE:</b> This method returning {@code false} does not
* necessarily indicate that returned objects are independent instances.
* An implementation of the extended {@link SmartFactoryBean} interface
* may explicitly indicate independent instances through its
* {@link SmartFactoryBean#isPrototype()} method. Plain {@link FactoryBean}
* implementations which do not implement this extended interface are
* simply assumed to always return independent instances if the
* {@code isSingleton()} implementation returns {@code false}.
* <p>The default implementation returns {@code true}, since a
* {@code FactoryBean} typically manages a singleton instance.
* @return whether the exposed object is a singleton
* @see #getObject()
* @see SmartFactoryBean#isPrototype()
*/
    default boolean isSingleton() {
        return true;
    }
}

②创建类UserFactoryBean

public class UserFactoryBean implements FactoryBean<User> {
    @Override
    public User getObject() throws Exception {
        return new User();
    }
    @Override
    public Class<?> getObjectType() {
        return User.class;
    }
}

③配置bean

 <bean  class="com.atguigu.spring.factory.UserFactoryBean  "></bean>

④测试

    @Test
    public void testFactoryBean(){
        //获取IOC容器
        ApplicationContext ioc = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-factory.xml");
        User user = (User) ioc.getBean(User.class);
        System.out.println(user);
    }

FactoryBean是一个接口，需要创建一个类实现该接口，其中有三个方法

1.getObject()通过一个对象交给IOC容器来管理

2.getObjectType()设置所提供对象的类型

3.isSingleton()是否单例

当把FactoryBean实现类配置为bean时，会将当前类的getObjectType所返回的对象交给IOC容器管理
在这里插入图片描述 #### 2.2.14、实验十四：基于xml的自动装配

自动装配：

根据指定的策略，在IOC容器中匹配某一个bean，自动为指定的bean中所依赖的类类型或接口类

型属性赋值

①场景模拟

创建类UserController

public class UserController {
    private UserService userService;
   public void setUserService(UserService userService) {
        this.userService = userService;
    }
    public void saveUser(){
        userService.saveUser();
    }
}

创建接口UserService

public interface UserService {
	void saveUser();
}

创建类UserServiceImpl实现接口UserService

public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
    private UserDao userDao;
   public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) {
       this.userDao = userDao;
    }
    @Override
    public void saveUser() {
       userDao.saveUser();
    }
}

创建接口UserDao

public interface UserDao {
	void saveUser();
}

创建类UserDaoImpl实现接口UserDao

public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {
    @Override
    public void saveUser() {
      System.out.println("保存成功");
    }
}

②配置bean

使用bean标签的autowire属性设置自动装配效果

自动装配方式：byType

byType：根据类型匹配IOC容器中的某个兼容类型的bean，为属性自动赋值

若在IOC中，没有任何一个兼容类型的bean能够为属性赋值，则该属性不装配，即值为默认值null

若在IOC中，有多个兼容类型的bean能够为属性赋值，则抛出异常

NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException

<bean id="userController" class="com.atguigu.spring.controller.UserController " autowire="byType"></bean>
   <bean id="userService" class="com.atguigu.spring.service.impl.UserServiceImpl" autowire="byType"></bean>
    <bean id="userDao" class="com.atguigu.spring.dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>

自动装配方式：byName

byName：将自动装配的属性的属性名，作为bean的id在IOC容器中匹配相对应的bean进行赋值

<bean id="userController"class="com.atguigu.autowire.xml.controller.UserController" autowire="byName">
</bean>
<bean id="userService"class="com.atguigu.autowire.xml.service.impl.UserServiceImpl" autowire="byName">
</bean>
<bean id="userServiceImpl"class="com.atguigu.autowire.xml.service.impl.UserServiceImpl" autowire="byName">
</bean>
<bean id="userDao" class="com.atguigu.autowire.xml.dao.impl.UserDaoImpl">
</bean>
<bean id="userDaoImpl" class="com.atguigu.autowire.xml.dao.impl.UserDaoImpl">
</bean>

③测试

  @Test
    public void testAutowire(){
                         ApplicationContext ioc = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-autowire-xml.xml");
                UserController userController = ioc.getBean(UserController.class);
        userController.saveUser();
   }

2.3、基于注解管理bean

2.3.1、实验一：标记与扫描

①注解

和 XML 配置文件一样，注解本身并不能执行，注解本身仅仅只是做一个标记，具体的功能是框架检测

到注解标记的位置，然后针对这个位置按照注解标记的功能来执行具体操作。

本质上：所有一切的操作都是Java代码来完成的，XML和注解只是告诉框架中的Java代码如何执行。

②扫描

Spring 为了知道程序员在哪些地方标记了什么注解，就需要通过扫描的方式，来进行检测。然后根据注解进行后续操作。

③新建Maven Module

<dependencies>
    <!-- 基于Maven依赖传递性，导入spring-context依赖即可导入当前所需所有jar包 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
        <version>5.3.1</version>
    </dependency>
    <!-- junit测试 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>junit</groupId>
        <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
        <version>4.12</version>
        <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

④创建Spring配置文件

在这里插入图片描述

⑤标识组件的常用注解

@Component：将类标识为普通组件
@Controller：将类标识为控制层组件
@Service：将类标识为业务层组件
@Repository：将类标识为持久层组件

问：以上四个注解有什么关系和区别？

通过查看源码我们得知，@Controller、@Service、@Repository这三个注解只是在@Component注解的基础上起了三个新的名字。

对于Spring使用IOC容器管理这些组件来说没有区别。所以@Controller、@Service、@Repository这

三个注解只是给开发人员看的，让我们能够便于分辨组件的作用。

注意：虽然它们本质上一样，但是为了代码的可读性，为了程序结构严谨我们肯定不能随便胡乱标记。

⑥创建组件

创建控制层组件

@Controller
public class UserController {
}

创建接口UserService

public interface UserService {
}

创建业务层组件UserServiceImpl

@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
}

创建接口UserDao

public interface UserDao {
}

创建持久层组件UserDaoImpl

@Repository
public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {
}

⑦扫描组件

情况一：最基本的扫描方式

        <!--    扫描组件-->
    <context:component-scan base-package="com.atguigu.spring">

情况二：指定要排除的组件

<context:component-scan base-package="com.atguigu">
    <!-- context:exclude-filter标签：指定排除规则 -->
    <!--
        type：设置排除或包含的依据
        type="annotation"，根据注解排除，expression中设置要排除的注解的全类名
        type="assignable"，根据类型排除，expression中设置要排除的类型的全类名
    -->
    <context:exclude-filter type="annotation"expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/>
    <!--<context:exclude-filter type="assignable"expression="com.atguigu.controller.UserController"/>-->
</context:component-scan>

情况三：仅扫描指定组件

<context:component-scan base-package="com.atguigu" use-default-filters="false">
    <!-- context:include-filter标签：指定在原有扫描规则的基础上追加的规则 -->
    <!-- use-default-filters属性：取值false表示关闭默认扫描规则 -->
    <!-- 此时必须设置use-default-filters="false"，因为默认规则即扫描指定包下所有类 -->
    <!--
        type：设置排除或包含的依据
        type="annotation"，根据注解排除，expression中设置要排除的注解的全类名
        type="assignable"，根据类型排除，expression中设置要排除的类型的全类名
     -->
    <context:include-filter type="annotation"expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/>
    <!--<context:include-filter type="assignable"expression="com.atguigu.controller.UserController"/>-->
</context:component-scan>

⑧测试

    @Test
    public void test(){

        ApplicationContext ioc = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-ioc-annotation.xml");
        UserController userController = ioc.getBean(UserController.class);
        System.out.println(userController);
        UserService userService = ioc.getBean(UserService.class);
        System.out.println(userService);
        UserDao userDao = ioc.getBean(UserDao.class);
        System.out.println(userDao);
    }

在这里插入图片描述

⑨组件所对应的bean的id

通过注解+扫描所有配置的bean的id，默认值为类的小驼峰。即类名首字母为小写的结果。
在我们使用XML方式管理bean的时候，每个bean都有一个唯一标识，便于在其他地方引用。现在使用

注解后，每个组件仍然应该有一个唯一标识。

默认情况

类名首字母小写就是bean的id。例如：UserController类对应的bean的id就是userController。

自定义bean的id

可通过标识组件的注解的value属性设置自定义的bean的id

@Service(“service”)//默认为userServiceImpl public class UserServiceImpl implements

UserService {}

2.3.2、实验二：基于注解的自动装配

①场景模拟

参考基于xml的自动装配

在UserController中声明UserService对象

在UserServiceImpl中声明UserDao对象

②@Autowired注解

在成员变量上直接标记@Autowired注解即可完成自动装配，不需要提供setXxx()方法。以后我们在项目中的正式用法就是这样。

@Controller
public class UserController {
    @Autowired
    private UserService userService;
    public void saveUser(){
        userService.saveUser();
    }
}
public interface UserService {
    void saveUser();
}
@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
    @Autowired
    private UserDao userDao;
    @Override
    public void saveUser() {
        userDao.saveUser();
    }
}
public interface UserDao {
	void saveUser();
}	
@Repository
public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {
    @Override
    public void saveUser() {
        System.out.println("保存成功");
    }
}

③@Autowired注解其他细节

@Autowired注解可以标记在有参构造器和set方法上

@Controller
public class UserController {
    private UserService userService;
    @Autowired
    public UserController(UserService userService){
        this.userService = userService;
    }
    public void saveUser(){
        userService.saveUser();
    }
}
@Controller
public class UserController {
    private UserService userService;
    @Autowired
    public void setUserService(UserService userService){
        this.userService = userService;
    }
    public void saveUser(){
        userService.saveUser();
    }
}

④@Autowired工作流程

1.默认通过byType在IOC容器中通过类型匹配某个bean为属性赋值。
2.有多个类型匹配的bean，此时自动转换为byName的方式实现自动装配。即将要赋值的属性的属性名作为bean的id匹配某个bean为属性赋值。
3.若以上两种都无法实现自动装配，ioc容器有多个类型匹配的bean而且这些bean的id和要赋值的属性的属性名都不一致。
4.此时可以在要赋值的属性上添加一个注解，@Qualifier注解，通过该注解的value值指定某个bean的id，将这个bean为属性赋值

首先根据所需要的组件类型到IOC容器中查找
- 能够找到唯一的bean：直接执行装配
- 如果完全找不到匹配这个类型的bean：装配失败
- 和所需类型匹配的bean不止一个
  - 没有@Qualifier注解：根据@Autowired标记位置成员变量的变量名作为bean的id进行匹配
  - 能够找到：执行装配
  - 找不到：装配失败
  - 使用@Qualifier注解：根据@Qualifier注解中指定的名称作为bean的id进行匹配
  - 能够找到：执行装配
  - 找不到：装配失败

@Controller
public class UserController {
    @Autowired
    @Qualifier("userServiceImpl")
    private UserService userService;
    public void saveUser(){
        userService.saveUser();
    }
}

@Autowired中有属性required，默认值为true，因此在自动装配无法找到相应的bean时，会装配失败

可以将属性required的值设置为true，则表示能装就装，装不上就不装，此时自动装配的属性为默认值

但是实际开发时，基本上所有需要装配组件的地方都是必须装配的，用不上这个属性。

keep going！