背景
在项目中，需要实现一个gstreamer的pipeline，依赖libgstreamer1.0和libgstapp-1.0库，因为是系统是x86_64环境，需要在i386的sysroot下安装这些库，基于这个背景，发现通过apt安装，然后从apt安装的cache路径，拿到这些库解包后拷贝到sysroot目录是非常方便。
首先，设置apt安装包时是否保留下载的deb包：
# 禁止保存
echo 'Binary::apt::APT::Keep-Downloaded-Packages "0";' | sudo tee /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/10apt-keep-downloads
# 允许保存
echo 'Binary::apt::APT::Keep-Downloaded-Packages "1";' | sudo tee /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/10apt-keep-downloads
执行第二条命令运行apt cache保存下载的deb包。
libgstapp-1.0.so -> libgstapp-1.0.so.0.1602.0
解包libgstreamer1.0 & libgstapp-1.0
通过dpkg-deb -X 解压缩就可以看到，libgstreamer1.0的库在libgstreamer1.0-0里面，而和libgstreamer1.0-dev里面存放的是头文件，pkg-config需要的pc文件和指向libgstreamer1.0-0里面的库的符号链接。
建一个out目录，解包libgstreamer1.0-0_1.16.2-2_i386.deb到out目录，如下：
$ dpkg -X libgstreamer1.0-0_1.16.2-2_i386.deb out
./
./usr/
./usr/lib/
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/gstreamer-1.0/
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/gstreamer-1.0/libgstcoreelements.so
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/gstreamer-1.0/libgstcoretracers.so
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/gstreamer1.0/
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/gstreamer1.0/gstreamer-1.0/
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/gstreamer1.0/gstreamer-1.0/gst-plugin-scanner
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/gstreamer1.0/gstreamer-1.0/gst-ptp-helper
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgstbase-1.0.so.0.1602.0
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgstcheck-1.0.so.0.1602.0
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgstcontroller-1.0.so.0.1602.0
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgstnet-1.0.so.0.1602.0
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgstreamer-1.0.so.0.1602.0
# 符号链接
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgstbase-1.0.so.0
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgstcheck-1.0.so.0
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgstcontroller-1.0.so.0
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgstnet-1.0.so.0
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgstreamer-1.0.so.0
从这个解包的输出可以看出，不带dev的deb包里面是全部的so库，包括符号链接。
再建立out-dev目录，通过dpkg-deb -X命令解包libgstreamer1.0-dev到out-dev目录：
$ dpkg-deb -X libgstreamer1.0-dev_1.16.2-2_i386.deb out-dev/
# include需要的文件
./
./usr/
./usr/bin/
./usr/bin/dh_gstscancodecs
./usr/include/
./usr/include/gstreamer-1.0/
./usr/include/gstreamer-1.0/gst/
./usr/include/gstreamer-1.0/gst/base/
./usr/include/gstreamer-1.0/gst/base/base-prelude.h
./usr/include/gstreamer-1.0/gst/base/base.h
./usr/include/gstreamer-1.0/gst/base/gstadapter.h
./usr/include/gstreamer-1.0/gst/base/gstaggregator.h
./usr/include/gstreamer-1.0/gst/base/gstbaseparse.h
./usr/include/gstreamer-1.0/gst/base/gstbasesink.h
./usr/include/gstreamer-1.0/gst/base/gstbasesrc.h
./usr/include/gstreamer-1.0/gst/base/gstbasetransform.h
./usr/include/gstreamer-1.0/gst/base/gstbitreader.h
./usr/include/gstreamer-1.0/gst/base/gstbitwriter.h
./usr/include/gstreamer-1.0/gst/base/gstbytereader.h
./usr/include/gstreamer-1.0/gst/base/gstbytewriter.h
./usr/include/gstreamer-1.0/gst/base/gstcollectpads.h
# ...
# pkg-config的pc文件
./usr/lib/
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/gstreamer1.0/
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/gstreamer1.0/gstreamer-1.0/
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/gstreamer1.0/gstreamer-1.0/gst-codec-info-1.0
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/pkgconfig/
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/pkgconfig/gstreamer-1.0.pc
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/pkgconfig/gstreamer-base-1.0.pc
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/pkgconfig/gstreamer-check-1.0.pc
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/pkgconfig/gstreamer-controller-1.0.pc
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/pkgconfig/gstreamer-net-1.0.pc
# 这些库只是符号链接
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgstbase-1.0.so
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgstcheck-1.0.so
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgstcontroller-1.0.so
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgstnet-1.0.so
./usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libgstreamer-1.0.so
完成这些验证，就可以把这个过程应用到我们的环境中，比如我们的环境sysroot路径是./i386-sysroot/
# step 1: 安装libgstreamer1.0库
sudo apt install libgstreamer1.0-0:i386
sudo apt install libgstreamer1.0-dev:i386
cp /var/cache/apt/archives/libgstreamer1.0-0_1.16.2-2_i386.deb .
cp /var/cache/apt/archives/libgstreamer1.0-dev_1.16.2-2_i386.deb .
dpkg-deb -X libgstreamer1.0-0_1.16.2-2_i386.deb ./i386-sysroot/
dpkg-deb -X libgstreamer1.0-dev_1.16.2-2_i386.deb ./i386-sysroot/
# step 2:安装libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0库
sudo apt install libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-0:i386
sudo apt install libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-dev:i386
cp /var/cache/apt/archives/libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-0_1.16.2-4ubuntu0.1_i386.deb .
cp /var/cache/apt/archives/libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-dev_1.16.2-4ubuntu0.1_i386.deb .
dpkg-deb -X libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-0_1.16.2-4ubuntu0.1_i386.deb ./i386-sysroot/
dpkg-deb -X libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-dev_1.16.2-4ubuntu0.1_i386.deb ./i386-sysroot/
完成上面两个步骤，sysroot中依赖gstreamer的开发环境就配置好了，如果需要其他的依赖也可以按此操作。
在ubuntu上，libgstreamer1.0-0这个名字可以通过apt search获得，比如：
$ apt search gstreamer
libgstreamer1.0-0/focal,now 1.16.2-2 amd64 [installed,automatic]
Core GStreamer libraries and elements
libgstreamer1.0-dev/focal 1.16.2-2 amd64
GStreamer core development files
libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-0/focal-updates,focal-security,now 1.16.2-4ubuntu0.1 amd64 [installed,automatic]
GStreamer libraries from the "base" set
libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-dev/focal-updates,focal-security 1.16.2-4ubuntu0.1 amd64
GStreamer development files for libraries from the "base" set
安装的时候后面加上i386安装的就是32位的版本。
sudo apt install libgstreamer1.0-0:i386
sudo apt install libgstreamer1.0-dev:i386
📣 附dpkg-deb命令解释
dpkg-deb命令是Debian Linux下的软件包管理工具，可以对软件包执行打包和解包操作。
-X：将软件包中的文件释放到指定目录下，并显示释放文件的详细过程
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